Chapter 7--Long Term Memory Flashcards
What is encoding, and what mechanism is most effective for encoding in LTM?
Encoding is the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM. The most effective way to encode into LTM is elaborative rehearsal.
What does the standard model of consolidation propose?
This model proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but after consolidation is complete retrieval involves ONLY the cortex.
What 3 factors aid encoding?
Create connections
Active creation
Organization
What are 3 ways to create connections in aiding encoding?
Complex sentences
Imagery
Link to self
What does the standard model of consolidation propose?
that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but after consolidation is complete retrieval involves ONLY the cortex
What is encoding?
the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM
What is the overall term that describes how to best encode information into LTM
Elaborative rehearsal
What is shallow processing?
It is one of the depth processing with little attention to meaning
What is retrieval?
Retrieval is a process that transfer information from LTM back into the working memory
What is remote memory?
Memory for events that occurred long ago
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Rehearsing that involves repeating without making connections or considering the meaning
What are two recall procedures called?
Free recall and cued recall.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.
What is the process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory?
Retrieval
What is a cued-recall?
Cued-recall is a cue presented to aid recall and is most effective when created by the person who uses them
What is reactivation?
Reactivation is a process during which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
LTP is the enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation.
What is free recall?
A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented.
What is the generation effect?
Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him or herself, rather than passively receiving it.
Where does memory occur in the brain?
Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Perirhinal cortex
What is consolidation?
Transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
What are the two types of amnesia and what do they mean?
anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia - inability to remember events that occurred prior to injury.
What part of the brain is the most crucial for forming new long term memories?
The hippocampus
Which method would be more effective for transferring information into LTM; maintenance rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal?
Elaborative rehearsal
Consolidation is defined as the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, to a more permanent state. This process involves reorganization in the nervous system which occurs at two levels. What are those two levels?
Synaptic consolidation and Systems consolidation
What is encoding specificity?
The principle that we learn information together with its context.
What is state-dependent learning?
The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same internal state for encoding and retrieving the information
What is retrieval?
Process of transferring information from the LTM back into working memory.
what is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memory for events prior to the trauma.
What is the self-reference effect?
Relating information to oneself in order to improve memory recall of that information.
What is the multiple trace hypothesis?
A hypothesis which suggests that the Hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote memories.
What is shown through transfer-appropriate processing?
Memory (recall) is increased when the type of task one performs while trying to recall the information is the same as the tasks performed when encoding the information.
What were the results from Godden and Baddeley’s experiment?
Individuals who learned the words underwater recalled more of the words when underwater than on land, and individuals who learned on land recalled more words on land as opposed to being underwater.
Why is it helpful to make an image of two words together to remember them?
Because using pictures to remember word chunks is much more useful and you will have a higher chance of remembering the word chunks.
What does deep processing involve?
Deep processing involves close attention, focusing on an item’s meaning and relating it to something else.
What does shallow processing involve and when does it occur?
Shallow processing involves little attention to meaning. It occurs when attention is focused on physical features.
What is one thing research found that is good about taking study breaks?
Your memory actually retains more information.
What is a retrieval cue?
a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in the memory
What does the principle of state-dependent learning say?
memory will be better when a person’s internal state during retrieval matches their internal state during encoding
According to standard model of consolidation, retrieval of recent memories depends on the hippocampus; cortical connections have not yet formed. Thus, for retrieval of recent memories, hippocampal activaton is (a)_____ and cortical activation is (b)_____.
(a) high
(b) low
[When Anna was 7 years old, both of her grandparents passed away. Their house was sold, and that chapter of her life was closed. Since then she can remember general things about being there as a child, but not the details. One day she decided to go for a drive. She went to her grandparents’ old house. As she sat there and stared at the house, she experienced a vivid recollection.]
According to this passage, Anna’s experience outside of her grandparents’ house is an example of ________.
Retrieval cues
Which of the following is not way of increasing the effectiveness of studying?
a) Take breaks
b) Illusions of learning
c) Testing conditions
d) Organize
b) Illusions of learning
In Roediger and Karpicke’s study participants read a passage. Half of the participants reread the passage and half the of the participants were tested on the passage. Which group performed better after 5 minutes?
The group who reread the passage.
In Roediger and Karpicke’s study participants read a passage. Half of the participants reread the passage and half the of the participants were tested on the passage. After 2 days which group performed better?
The group who was tested on the passage.
What is elaboration as it relates to memory?
Taking what you are learning and giving it meaning by relating it to things that you already know.
What is the familiarity effect?
When rereading something causes the material to become familiar. When you read something for a second or third time, you wrongfully interpret your familiarity with a reading as thinking that you know the material.
Furniture - Chair
Furniture is an example of a _________ _________ to remember the word chair.
retrieval cue
Studying notes from cognitive psychology in the same room that you will be tested is an example of
encoding specificity
A retrieval cue is…
word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory, organizing into categories– allows for comprehension and further organization
Reactivation…
Process during consolidation– in charge of replaying neural activity associated with memory (activity between hippocampus and cortex)– process happens during sleep or periods of relaxed
What is state-dependent learning?
Learning is associated with a particular internal state.
