Chapter 7 - Liking, love, and relationships Flashcards
Need for affiliation
The tendency to affiliate, interact with other people, which seems to have a neurobiological basis.
Associated effect
How liking or disliking someone you meet is influenced by unrelated events or people in your life.
Proximity
Physical nearness to others, plays a crucial role in liking
physical attractiveness
outward appearance
Repeated exposure effect
The more often we are exposed to a new stimulus - a new person, new idea, new product - the more favorable our evaluation of it tends to be. The more familiar we are with almost anything, the more we tend to like it due to repeated exposure.
Similarity-dissimiliarty effect
How similarity tends to arouse positive feelings and dissimilarity tends to arouse negative feelings.
Attitude similarity
The extent to which two individuals share the same ways of thinking or feeling toward something or another person. The meaning of “attitude” was expanded to include similarities of beliefs, values, and interests.
Proportion of similarity
When the number of topics on which two people express similar views is divided by the total number of topics on which they have communicated, the resulting proportion can be inserted in a simple formula that allows us to predict attraction. The higher the proportion of similarity, the greater the liking.
Matching hypothesis
That we tend to choose partners who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness, even though we’d prefer very attractive ones
Implicit egotism
that positive associations with something about ourselves do indeed increase attraction toward others who share whatever these are - our names, the number of our home address, or almost anything else.
Balance theory
Framework suggesting that people naturally organize their likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way
Social comparison theory
You compare our attitudes and beliefs with those of others because the only way you can evaluate the accuracy of your views and their “normality” is by finding that other people agree with you.
Social skills
a combination of aptitudes that help individuals who possess them to interact effectively with others.
Social astuteness (social perception)
The capacity to perceive and understand others (their traits, feelings, and intentions) accurately. People high on this dimension recognize the subtleties of interpersonal interactions, a skill that helps them develop effective, positive relationships with others.
Interpersonal influence
The ability to change others’ attitudes or behavior by using a variety of techniques - for example, persuasion and subtle techniques such as the “foot in the door” tactic (starting with a small request and then escalating to a larger one)
Social adaptability
The capacity to adapt to a wide range of social situations and to interact effectively with a wide range of people
Expressiveness
The ability to show emotions openly, in a form others can readily perceive
Narcissism
An inflated view of self, an extreme and unjustified self-esteem.
Highest desired characteristics for relationships:
- Trustworthiness
- Cooperativeness
- Agreeableness
- Extraversion
- Emotional stability
- physical health
- physical attractiveness
Parental investment theory
Theory which says that the one who invests and risks the most in reproduction - usually the female - will be the most particular when selecting a mate.
Love
more than attraction - suggests a much stronger, more lasting relationship. Generally, it is a combination of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that play a crucial role in close relationships.
Sternberg’s Triangular Model of Love
Theory which suggests that each love relationship is made up of three basic components that are present in varying degrees in different couples.
- Intimacy
- Passion
- Decision/commitment
Intimacy
The closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together. Partners high in intimacy are concerned with each other’s welfare and happiness. The value, like, count on, and understand one another
Passion
Based on romance, physical attraction, and sexuality - the sexual motives and sexual excitement associated with a couple’s relationship
Decision/commitment
Cognitive factors such as the decision to love and be with a person, plus a commitment to maintain the relationship on a permanent or long-term basis.
Consummate love
Sternberg’s term for a relationship in which all three components (intimacy, passion, decision/commitment) are equally strong and balanced. Ideal form of love, but rare and hard to find.
Companionate love
A combination of intimacy plus commitment. Based on a very close relationship in which two people have a great deal in common, care about each other’s well-being, and express mutual liking and respect. Not exciting, but is a foundation for a committed relationship
Passionate love
“falling in love” - an emotional and often unrealistic response to another person. Involves sexual attraction, emotional arousal, a desire to be physically close, and an intense need to be loved as you are loving.
Unrequited love
When one person falls in love, and his or her feelings are not returned by the partner.
Attachment style
John Bowlby: The degree of security an individual feels in an interpersonal relationship. Infants acquire to basic attitudes during earliest interactions with adults.
- Self-esteem
- Interpersonal trust
Interpersonal trust
Based largely on whether the caregiver is perceived as trustworthy, dependable, and reliable, or as relatively untrustworthy, undependable, and unreliable.
Secure attachment style
A person with this style is high in both self-esteem and trust. Best able to form long-lasting, committed, satisfying relationships throughout life.
Fearful-avoidant attachment style
A person with this style is low in both self-esteem and interpersonal trust. Tend to not form close relationships or tend to have unhappy ones.
Preoccupied attachment style
A person with this style is low in self-esteem combined with high interpersonal trust. People with this pattern of attachment want closeness (sometimes too much so), and readily form relationships. Cling to others but expect to be eventually rejected because they believe themselves to be unworthy.
Dismissing attachment style
A person with this style is high in self-esteem and low in interpersonal trust. Tends to believe that they are very deserving of good relationships, but they don’t trust others and fear genuine closeness. They often say they don’t want or need close relationships with others.
