CHAPTER 7 LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Neonate age
0-1 month
infant age
1 month - 1 year
toddler age
1-3 years
preschool age
3-6 years
school age
6-12 years
adolescent
12-18 years
early adult
19-40 years
middle adult
41- 60 years
older adult
61 years +
pulse rate 100-180
Respirations 30-60
systolic bp 50-70
temp 98-100°F
Neonate
Pulse rate 100-160
Respirations 25-50
Systolic BP 70-95
Temp 96.8-99.6°F
infant
Pulse rate 90-150
Respirations 20-30
Systolic BP 80-100
Temp 96.8-99.6°F
toddler
Pulse rate 80-140
Respirations 20-25
Systolic BP 80-100
Temp 98.6°F
preschool age
Pulse rate 70-120
Respirations 15-20
Systolic BP 80-110
Temp 98.6°F
school age
Pulse rate 60-100
Respirations 12-20
Systolic BP 90-110
Temp 98.6°F
adolescent
Pulse rate 60-100
Respirations 12-20
Systolic BP 90-130
Temp 98.6°F
Early adult
Pulse rate 60-100
Respirations 12-20
Systolic BP 90-130
Temp 98.6°F
Middle Adult
Pulse rate 60-100
Respirations 12-20
Systolic BP 90-130
Temp 98.6°F
older adult
At what age can babies recognize familiar faces; uses eyes to track objects and people
2 months
At what age can babies bring objects to the mouth; smiles and frowns
3 months
At what age can babies reach arms out to people; drools
4 months
At what age can babies sleep throughout the night; distinguishes family members from strangers
5 months
At what age can babies begin to teeth; sit upright; speaks one-syllable words
6 months
At what age are babies scared of strangers; display mood swings
7 months
At what age can babies respond to “no”; can sit alone; play peek-a-boo
8 months
At what age can babies pull self up to stand; explores objects by placing them in his or her mouth
9 months
At what age can babies respond to his or her name; crawls efficiently
10 months
At what age can babies begin to walk without assistance; becomes frustrated by restrictions
11 months
At what age does a baby know his or her name; walks
12 months
How much does a neonate weigh?
6-8 pounds
The head accounts for much % of body weight in a neonate?
25%
During the first week of a neonates life, how much body weight decreases due to fluid loss?
5-10%
After the 2nd week of a neonates life, how much weight do they gain per day?
1 ounce
A neonate _______ their weight by 4-6 months and _______ it by the end of the first year.
doubles; tripling
Prior to birth, fetal blood supply comes from the mother via the ________.
placenta
Hormones and pressure changes transition the neonate from __________ to ___________.
fetal circulation; independent circulation
According to the CDC, what is the leading cause of death for a neonate and an infant?
congenital abnormalities
Neonates are _______ breathers.
nose
infants younger than _____ month old are partially suseptible to nasal congestion.
6
Why is airway obstruction more common in infants than older children and adults?
shorter/narrower airway and larger tounge in proportion to the oral cavity
Why is it important for the EMT to preserve an infants airway patency through proper position?
Infants have an oversized occiput, flexibility of trachea, and absent ability to reposition itself
The rib cage of an infant is less rigid the ribs sit horizontally thus explaining………
diaphragamatic breathing (belly breathing)
Forceful ventilations and overinflation increase pressure in the lungs and can result in pressure induced trauma called…….
barotrauma
Infants struggling to breathe can tire quickly and become ________&_______.
overheated and dehydrated
Neonates are caught offguard and startled, at which they open their arms wide, spread their fingers, and appear to be grabbing for something.
Moro reflex
Occurs when object is placed into neonates palm and it closes its hand around it
Palmar grasp reflex
Occurs when something touches the neonates cheek and it turns to the direction of the touch
rooting reflex
Breastfeeding mother strokes her baby’s lips with her nipple prompting the child to latch on.
sucking reflex
The gaps between the cranium bones that are connected by flexible fibrous tissue. It allows the newborn child’s head to pass through the birth canal.
Fontanelles
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
3rd month
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
9-18 months
What does a depressed fontanelle represent?
dehydration
What does a bulging fontanelle represent?
High pressure inside the cranium
How is a neonates’ immunity supported?
through passive immunity strengthen by antibodies in the mother’s breastmilk.
Teething can be painful and accompanied by…….
Low-grade fever
The formation of close, personal relationships
Bonding
This results when the infant understands that its parents /caregivers will respond to its needs.
secure attachment
The result of recurring rejection. Infants treat their parents/caregivers as strangers.
anxious-avoidant attachment
Clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar places or people. At its peak between ages 10-18 months
separation anxiety
Psychosocial development period beginning at birth-18 months. Children learn if they can trust the people around them.
trust versus mistrust
Todlers lose ______ immunity and gain _____ immunity as they spend more time around other toddlers usually resulting in the exposure of viruses, viral infections (colds), gastrointestinal distress or upper respiratory symptoms.
Passive; Acquired
By the end of the preschooler’s age, the brain is roughly _____% of its adult weight
90%
Physiologically, by _____ to ______ months of age, toddlers possess the neuromuscular capability to control the bladder.
12-15
Toddlers are psychologically prepared to control their bladder unitl _____ to ______ months of age.
18 - 30
At how many months do toddlers complete their toilet training?
28 months
Separation anxiety peaks between which months of age in a toddler?
10 - 18 months of age.
Through milestones such as speech development & toilet training, a child attains a measure of ____________.
self-sufficiency
Most children have mastered basic language skills and understanding full sentences by what age?
3-4 years (36 months)
By what age does a child begin to understand the concept of cause and effect
18 - 24 months
School age children gain _____ lbs & grow _____ in each year.
4; 2.5
The child’s moral compass is directed by external forces such as parental discipline. Punishment or incentive.
preconventional reasoning
Behavior is more motivated by the approval of peers and society.
Conventional reasoning
Moral judgments are more abstract with the individual beginning to follow an internalized moral compass.
Postconventional reasoning
The perception of ourselves
self-concept
How we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers
self-esteem
During the adolescent period, teens experience a ____ to _____ year growth spurt.
2 - 3
In the adolescent period, growth begins in the _______ then moves up the _______ of the extremities, and finishes with growth of the ________.
hands and feet; long bones; torso.
Girls reach their growth peak at _______; boys reach it at _______.
16 years; 18 years
Secondary sexual development, enlargement of external reproductive organs, pubic & axillary hair appear, and vocal sound changes in range and depth.
Milestone of Adolescent maturation of the endocrine and reproductive systems
The 1st menstrual bleeding
menarche
Smoking, illicit drug use, unprotected sex, and other high risk behaviors tend to pick up around what ages?
14 - 16 years
Men & women reach their physical peak along with habits and routines established whether healthy and unhealthy
19 - 25 years
Muscle strength decreases, aging becomes more evident, reflexes slow down, the disks between the vertebrae begin to settle leading to a heigh decrease, and metabolism decreases while fatty tissue increases leading to unwanted weight gain.
Latter years of Early adulthood
This age group enjoys the one of the more stable periods of life psychologically
Early adults
This age group is more suseptible to vision and hearing loss, cardiovascular health becomes a growing concern, and the incedence of cancer increase.
Middle adults
Leading cause of death of all age groups younger than 44 years
unintenional injury
Leading cause of death in persons between ages 44 & 64.
cancer
This age groups experiences increase cholesterol levels, decreased cardiac efficiency, and diffilculties with weight control.
Middle adults
What does a middle adult experience as their adult children leave their home.
Empty nesy syndrome
Life expectancy in the earlt 1900s
47 years of age
Life expectancy in modern times
78 years of age
Maximun life expectancy
120 years of age
How long an individual lives is determined by which two factors?
birth year & country of residence
Condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and calcium along the inner walls of blood vessels, resulting of formation of plaque.
Atherosclerosis
More than _____% of people older than 65 years of age have atherosclerotic disease.
60%
In older adults, why are blood vessels unable to dilate and contract effectively?
The vascular system of older adults becomes stiff increasing diastolic blood pressure making the heart work harder in order to overcome vascular resistance.
Where do human cells originate?
Bone marrow.
With advancing age, bone marrow is replaced by what?
fatty tissue
In older adults, the airway _______ in size.
increases
In older adults, the surface area of the alveoli, elasticity of the lungs, and strength of the intercostal muscles & diaphragm________.
decreases
By the time the older adult is 75 years old, his vital capacity has declined to about _______% of that of a yound adult.
50%
The chest on an older adult becomes more rigid, yet more fragile and is therefore more suseptible to…….
fracture
The cilia that line the airway dwindle and sensation within the airway declines in older adults making it diffilcult for older adults to maintain upper airway patency, therefore making older adults more suseptible to………
aspiration & airway obstruction
As the smooth muscles of the lower airway weaken with age, ___________ can cause the walls of the airway to collapse inwards, producing inspiratory wheezing, lower flow rates, and air trapping in the alveoli. Because of these reductions in function and because the white blood cells of the airway are less aggressive toward invading organisms, the older patient is more susceptible to __________.
strong inhalation; lung infections
In older adults, glucose metabolism ______ while insulin production ______.
slows; decreases
Men often continue to produce sperm along into their……
80s
In the older female patient, the size of the uterus and vagina……..
decreases
The process by which intestinal contractions move food along the digestive tract.
Peristalsis
In older adults, gallstones become common and changes in elasticity in the anal sphinciter can lead to……….
Fecal Incotinence
Between ages of 20-90, the kidneys will decrease in size by ________% and their filtration capabilities will decline by as much as _______%.
20%; 50%
_________ filters blood within the kidneys.
Nephrons
The number of nephrons decline between what ages?
30 & 80 years
Mental function declines in the _______ years immediately preceding death.
5
By the time a person is 80 years of age, the brain has decreased in weight by as much as _______ % to ______%.
10%; 20%
In older adults, the number of interconnections between neurons produce redundancies within the brain that permit the loss of neurons without the loss of ________ or _________.
knowledge; skill
Consequence of reduced number of neurons.
alterations of sleep patterns. Older adults develop biphasic sleep pattern.
What is the usual time frame for the biphasic sleep pattern in older adults?
0100-0600hrs
1200-1500hrs
In older adults, age related shrinkage of the skull creates a void between the brain and outermost layer of the meninges. Any rapid of forceful shifting of the brain has the potential to result in tearing of the ________ veins. Subsequent bleeding into the open space may go unnoticed for a long time.
Bridging
Combined with prolonged reaction time and slower reflexes, these sensory alterations contribute to the higher incidence of _______ and _______ in older adults.
falls; trauma
pupils are ________ in smaller adults.
smaller
Hearing loss is _______ more common than vision loss in late adulthood.
4 times
A disadvantage of congregate living facilities.
limits social distancing therefore making elderly patients more suseptible to diseases.
More than ______% of women in the US who are _______ years or older live below the poverty line.
50%; 60
The loss of loved ones leaves the older adult without of source of social support placing them at a greater risk for……….
isolation & depression.
