Chapter 7 Key Terms - Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the process of
putting information
into a form that will
allow it to fit with
your personal storage
system.

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

maintaining encoded
information in a
memory store

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

the process of
getting information
back from long-term
memory to be used in
working memory

Question 4

What is the Multi-Store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)?

Answer 4

A model that
suggests that
memory is comprised
of three memory
stores: a sensory
store, a short-term
memory store and a
long-term memory
store that all function simultaneously and interact with one another.

Question 5

Sensory Memory

Answer 5

A store for incoming, fleeting sensory information from any of our five senses, has unlimited capacity but only brief duration, info from sensory memory will not enter short term memory unless we pay attention to it. Can last anywhere from a fraction of a second to a few seconds depending on the sense.

Question 6

Iconic memory (function of sensory memory)

Answer 6

a sensory register for
the fleeting storage
of visual information,
it lasts about 0.3
seconds (found through Sperling's study of iconic memory in 1960) and explains
why we can see a
moving picture from a
series of still photos

Question 7

Echoic memory (function of sensory memory)

Answer 7

auditory memory in
the sensory memory
register; lasts 3-4 seconds.

Question 8

Short term memory

Answer 8

a store that receives
information from
the long-term and
sensory stores; with
a limited capacity
of 5–9 pieces
of information,
and a duration of
approximately 12–20
seconds

Question 9

maintenance

rehearsal

Answer 9

a strategy for
keeping information
in short-term memory
or for moving it into
long-term memory
by simply repeating
information over
and over

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

the information is
encoded and stored,
and as long as you
know enough about
the information, the
information can be
retrieved

Question 11

procedural

memory (LT)

Answer 11

one aspect of implicit
memory; memory
for how to perform
particular tasks, skills
or actions

Question 12

declarative

memory (LT)

Answer 12

a long-term memory
store of personal
experiences (episodic)
and facts (semantic). Is explicit and is the conscious retrieval of a memory of something specific.

Question 13

implicit memory (LT)

Answer 13

memories of
skills, emotions,
preferences and
dispositions; also
called procedural
or non-declarative
memories; processed
in the amygdala
and possibly the
cerebellum. Is unconscious.

Question 14

semantic memory (LT)

Answer 14

memories of facts or general knowledge

Question 15

episodic memory (LT)

Answer 15

memories of episodes or experiences throughout life.

Question 16

What is the Working Model of Memory? What are the 4 components of this model?

Answer 16

This model assumes complex reasoning and learning tasks require a ‘mental workspace’ to hold and manipulate info. It includes the central executive (determining what you pay attention to), the episodic buffer (retrieves info from LTM, selects and encodes info to LTM), the visuospatial sketchpad (retains things we have seen), and the phonological loop (retains auditory memories).

Question 17

What is the Levels of Processing Model of Memory?

Answer 17

More complex the processing, stronger the memory. The way info is processed and analysed determines how well info is remembered.