Chapter 7: Interference

Question 1

Define interference

Answer 1

Any disruption of individual autonomy

Question 2

List the 3 types of interference

Answer 2

Type 1: Obstruction
Type 2: Intrusion
Type 3: Self-representation

Question 3

Describe interference type 1: obstruction

Answer 3

AKA decisional interference
Interfere with decisions that affect the person’s daily life, such as whether to allow the person to travel, to borrow money or to obtain lawful employment

May not be easily recognizable by the person about whom the decision is made as they may be unaware of the decision-making process, or the decision itself

Question 4

Describe interference type 2: intrusion

Answer 4

Intrusion into physical, psychological, or informational spaces—any action that affects a person’s solitude, including their desire to be alone or to be among a few confidantes of their choosing, and their desire to control who has access to their visual and thoughtful attention or who has access to their information

Searches of private spaces, curfews or other restrictions of movement, alerts and notifications that grab and divert the attention of the person

Question 5

Describe interference type 3: self-representation

Answer 5

Interference with representation of self—any action that alters how an individual is represented, such as a person’s marriage, financial or employment status, their race, gender or sexual orientation, political views or any other affinity toward specific ideas or social groups

Question 6

An act of intrusion that involves the person who’s privacy is most affect is called

Answer 6

Direct

Question 7

An act of intrusion that affects someone significantly removed form the effects is called

Answer 7

Indirect

Question 8

List William Prosser’s four kinds of torts

Answer 8

• Intrusion upon seclusion or solitude
• Public disclosure of private facts
• Presentation of an individual in a false light
• Use of an individual’s name or likeness without permission

Question 9

What type of interference does unwanted messaging represent?

Answer 9

Type 2: Intrusion

Question 10

What type of interference does select software APIs represent?

Answer 10

Type 2: Intrusion

Type 3: Self-representation

Question 11

What type of interference does behavioural profiling represent?

Answer 11

Type 1: Obstruction
Type 2: Intrusion
Type 3: Self-representation

Question 12

What type of interference does machine learning bias and fairness represent?

Answer 12

Type 1: Obstruction
Type 2: Intrusion
Type 3: Self-representation

Question 13

What type of interference does cyberbullying represent?

Answer 13

Type 2: Intrusion

Type 3: Self-representation

Question 14

What type of interference does social engineering represent?

Answer 14

Type 1: Obstruction

Type 3: Self-representation

Question 15

What type of interference does administrative intrusions represent?

Answer 15

Type 1: Obstruction

Type 2: Intrusion

Question 16

What law in the US controls spam?

Answer 16

CAN-SPAM

Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing

Question 17

What is the major difference between US anti-spam law and European anti-spam law?

Answer 17

Europe is opt-in

US is opt-out

Question 18

What is contextual advertising?

Answer 18

Uses an algorithm to examine the content of a page and determine which ad is most relevant to that content

If you were reading an email on Gmail about genealogy, you might be served an advertisement for genealogy software

Question 19

How is behavioural advertising different than contextual advertising?

Answer 19

By constructing a longitudinal profile of an individual’s interests and serving ads based on that profile rather than the content on the page

Question 20

List the 2 approaches to behavioural advertising

Answer 20

• First party

* Third party

Question 21

What is first party behavioural advertising?

Answer 21

The party with which the user initiated communication is also the party collecting user behavior to create the profile

Amazon.com’s recommendation service illustrates first-party behavioral advertising

Question 22

What is third party behavioural advertising?

Answer 22

The ad is delivered by a party different from the party with which the user initiates the communication

Question 23

What 2 techniques can advertisers using third-party behavioural advertising use to construct behavioural profiles?

Answer 23

• Web-based

* Network-based

Question 24

How does web-based profiling work?

Answer 24

Uses browser-based technology to track users as they surf the internet

This technique can only collect information on websites with which the advertiser has partnered

Question 25

How does network-based profiling work?

Answer 25

Provides more access to user behavior by partnering with internet service providers (ISPs), who provide users with connectivity to the internet

With this level of access and deep packet inspection (DPI), these advertisers can create behavior profiles based on all of a user’s network traffic

Question 26

Why is network-based profiling more dangerous?

Answer 26

Browser plug-ins that users may employ to obstruct behavioral advertisers from monitoring their website usage behavior are ineffective against network-based behavioral advertising

Question 27

What are the 3 high-level guiding principles for applying fairness in machine learning?

Answer 27

• Organizations should define and document their goals for fairness along with their rationale and approach to achieving those goals
• Practitioners must be able to recognize when machine learning systems are not an appropriate solution to a problem
• Machine learning systems are capable of all three types of interference

Question 28

What is catfishing?

Answer 28

Creating fake interactions ranging from a single fake profile targeted to deceive a single person

Question 29

What is sockpuppeting or astroturfing?

Answer 29

Creating whole armies of fake profiles designed to change public opinion

Question 30

How can social bots interfere with an individual’s privacy?

Answer 30

• Social bots can “mislead, exploit, and manipulate social media discourse with rumors, spam, malware, misinformation, slander, or even just noise.”
• Social bots have been used to stoke political unrest, manipulate the stock market and systematically abuse women and minorities online
• Efforts to sway public opinion are inherently Type 1 violations because their goal is to affect decision-making
• Abusive examples, are Type 2 violations seeking to intrude on or damage psychological or informational space

Question 31

What are deepfakes?

Answer 31

Extremely realistic—but entirely fake—audio, video and photographic content

Question 32

How can deepfakes be detected?

Answer 32

The most effective means of detecting deepfakes uses the same technology that created them: neural networks

Question 33

Though companies cannot catch all deepfakes, what can they do to help users?

Answer 33

• Include features to report abuses

* contractually obligate users to conform to a code of conduct

Question 34

What is social engineering?

Answer 34

Any means of using psychology to manipulate people to do something that divulges valuable information or provides access to valuable property

Question 35

What 6 design recommendations can mitigate the chance of or impact of interference?

Answer 35

1. Understand the privacy preferences of those directly or indirectly impacted
2. Notify the individual about the purpose and, if possible or required by law, allow the individual to opt in or opt out
3. Ensure the technology provides an opportunity for the person to control or limit the intrusion to appropriate times
4. If data is used to make critical decisions that can deny individuals specific benefits, introduce safeguards to detect inaccuracies - Allow individuals to be aware of the decisions through notices, and allow them access to provide opportunities to review the data for accuracy
5. React quickly to customer concerns
6. Assume that interference will occur, and plan for it