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Biology Exam 2 > Chapter 7: How Cells Release Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 7: How Cells Release Chemical Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

In order to use the energy stored in sugars, cells must first transfer it to ATP. The energy transfer occurs when bonds of a sugar’s __________ ____________ are broken, driving ATP synthesis.

A

Carbon backbone

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2
Q

What are the two main pathways in which organisms break down sugars to make ATP?

A
  • Aerobic Respiration

* Fermentation

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3
Q
  • Requires oxygen to break down sugars and make ATP

* Primary pathway of nearly all eukaryotes and some bacteria

A

Aerobic Respiration

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4
Q
  • Does not require oxygen to break down sugars and make ATP

* Primary pathway of many bacteria and single-celled protists

A

Fermentation

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5
Q

Aerobic Respiration has three stages that produce a combined total of how many ATP?

A

36

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6
Q

What are the three stages of Aerobic Respiration, where does each stage occur, and how many ATP does each stage produce?

A
  1. Glycolysis
    •occurs in Cytoplasm
    •(net yield: 2 ATP)
  2. Krebs Cycle
    •occurs in Mitochondria
    •(net yield: 2 ATP)
  3. Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
    • occurs in Mitochondria
    •(net yield: 32 ATP)
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7
Q
  • Fermentation’s anaerobic pathway has a net yield of _____ ATP to sustain many _______-________ species.
  • Like Aerobic Respiration, fermentation begins with ____________ in the cytoplasm.
  • Unlike Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation occurs entirely in the ____________, and does not include __________ ____________ _______
A
  • 2
  • Single-Celled
  • Glycolysis
  • Cytoplasm
  • Electron Transfer Chains
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8
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy
—->
C6H12O6 + 6O2

OR

6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + light energy
—->
Glucose + 6 Oxygen

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9
Q

What is the formula for Aerobic Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2
—->
6CO2 + 6H2O

OR

Glucose + 6 Oxygen
—->
6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water

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10
Q

____________ is defined as a series of reactions that begins the sugar breakdown pathways of both aerobic respiration and fermentation.

A

Glycolosis

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11
Q

This process :

• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Enters a cell through a glucose transporter
• Enzymes use 2 ATP to convert 1 six-carbon
molecule of sugar (such as glucose) into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

An organic compound with a three-carbon backbone

A

Pyruvate

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13
Q

The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP is called _________ ______________

A

substrate phosphorylation

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14
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(Glycolysis)

Glycolysis starts with ____ six carbon glucose molecule(s)band ends up with ____ three-carbon pyruvate molecule(s)

A
  • 1

* 2

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15
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(Glycolysis)

Glycolysis requires an initial investment of ____ ATP molecule(s), but produces ____ ATP molecule(s), so the overall ATP net gain for glycolysis is ____ ATP molecule(s).

A
  • 2
  • 4
  • 2
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16
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(Glycolysis)

Glycolysis also produces ____ NADPH molecule(s)

A

• 2

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17
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(Glycolysis)

Depending on the type of cell or environmental conditions, __________ either enter the second stage of aerobic respiration or are used in other ways, such as ______________.

A
  • Pyruvate

* Fermentation

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18
Q

The second stage of aerobic respiration includes what two sets of reactions?

Where does the second stage of aerobic respiration occur?

What is the main purpose of these sets of reactions?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA Formation
  2. Krebs Cycle
  • Occur in Mitochondria
  • Break down the pyruvate produced during glycolysis
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19
Q

During Aerobic Respiration, what are the end products?

What are combined 2nd-stage reactions of aerobic respiration? What is the net yield of 2nd-stage reactions?

A

Combined 2nd Stage Reactions of Aerobic Respiration (Acetyl-CoA Formation +Krebs Cycle):

• Break down 2 pyruvate into 6 CO2

Net Yield of 2nd Stage Reactions:

•2 ATP
•10 reduced coenzymes
(8 NADH and 2 FADH2)
•Provides electrons to the 3rd stage of aerobic respiration

20
Q

This process is what happens in the transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA Formation

21
Q

How many rounds of the 2nd stage of aerobic respiration (Acetyl-CoA Formation + Krebs Cycle) are required to break down one molecule of glucose?

A

Two Rounds

22
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(2nd Stage of Aerobic Respiration)

The 2nd stage of aerobic respiration occurs inside the _____________ and consists of two sets of reactions: _________ and ___________.

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Acetyl-CoA Formation
  • Krebs Cycle
23
Q

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!
(2nd Stage of Aerobic Respiration)

During Acetyl-CoA Formation (the transition from __________ to __________), 2 three-carbon _________ molecules produce 2 one-carbon _______ molecules, 2_________ molecules, and 2 two-carbon ________ molecules. The later of which combine with ____________ ___, forming 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules that enter the Krebs cycle

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Pyruvate
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • Carbon Acetyl
  • Coenzyme A
24
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Aerobic Respiration?

A

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

25
Q

Where does Electron Transfer Phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

During ELECTRON TRANSFER PHOSPHORYLATION,

many ______ are formed. During this stage, coenzymes reduced in the first two stages (NADH and FADH2) deliver ________ and _______ ______ to electron transfer chains. Electrons moving through the chains supply _______, which is used to actively transport hydrogen ions across the _______ __________. As a result, a hydrogen ion __________ is formed driving the formation of ______. This is called _________ Phosphorylation

A
  • ATP
  • Hydrogen ions
  • Electrons
  • Energy
  • Inner Membrane
  • Gradient
  • ATP
  • Oxidation
27
Q

QUESTION ON EXAM!!!

________ serves as the final electron acceptor when it combines with electrons and hydrogen

A

Oxygen

28
Q

The end products of ELECTRON TRANSFER PHOSPHORYLATION (Aerobic Respirations Third Stage) are:

A
  • About 32 ATP (yields vary)

* Water as a byproduct

29
Q

During Aerobic Respiration, the overwhelming majority of ATP molecules are made during which stage?

A

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

30
Q

Overall, AEROBIC RESPIRATION typically yields _____ ATP

A

36

31
Q

QUESTION ON EXAM!!!!!

At the end of AEROBIC RESPIRATION, the six-carbon ________ molecule is completely broken down into six ______ molecules

A
  • Glucose

* CO2

32
Q

Like Aerobic Respiration, _____________ begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm

A

Fermentation

33
Q

In FERMENTATION, the pyruvate is/is not fully broken down into CO2.

A

Is Not

34
Q

In FERMENTATION, electrons do NOT move through _________ __________ ________, so no additional ATP is formed

A

Electron Transfer Chains

35
Q

In FERMENTATION, what is regenerated that allows glycolysis to continue?

A

NAD+

36
Q

What is the net yield of ATP in FERMENTATION?

A

2ATP

37
Q

What are the 2 FERMENTATION pathways?

A
  1. Alcoholic Fermentation

2. Lactate Fermentation

38
Q

ANAEROBIC sugar breakdown pathway that PRODUCES ATP, CO2, AND ETHANOL

A

Alcoholic Fermentation

39
Q

ANAEROBIC sugar breakdown pathway that PRODUCES ATP AND LACTATE

A

Lactate Fermentation

40
Q

What are the 2 steps of ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION?

A
  1. Three-Carbon Pyruvate is split into CO2 and Two-Carbon Acetaldehyde
  2. Electrons and hydrogen are transferred from NADH to the Acetaldehyde, forming NAD+ and ethanol
41
Q

What are the three steps of ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION?

A
  1. The electrons and hydrogen ions carried by NADH are transferred directly to pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate is converted to three-carbon lactate
  3. NADH is converted to NAD+
42
Q

Complex __________, _____, and ________ in food can be converted to molecules that enter aerobic respiration at various reaction steps.

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

43
Q

Complex __________ break down into simple sugars (Glycolysis)

A

Carbohydrates

44
Q

_____ break down into glycerol and fatty acids

Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

A

Fats

45
Q

_______ break down into amino acid subunits (The Krebs Cycle)

A

Proteins

46
Q

Read over Energy from Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates

A

Slides 30-33

Biology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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