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Geography > Chapter 7 - How can we build sustainable cities? (Secondary 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - How can we build sustainable cities? (Secondary 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cities?

A

A defined urban area within a country.

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2
Q

What are some features of cities that make them unique?

A

(as compared to other locations in the country, making them unique)
- Large population size
- High population density
- Built up area
- Range of functions

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3
Q

How do countries identify cities?

A

Using various guidelines, like minimum population size. etc, 500 people in a country means a city in some countries.

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4
Q

Why do different countries use different minimum population sizes?

A

The amount of people in a country affects the different minimum population sizes. (less people, the smaller the minimum population size for a city)

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5
Q

What is population density? (in cities)

A

A measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land. It means that cities have a large population size living in a given area of land.

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6
Q

How do calculate population density?

A

Number of people living in an area divided by land area.

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7
Q

Do cities have built up areas?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are built up areas?

A

Land surface mostly covered by buildings with extensive infrastructure.

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9
Q

What is infrastructure?

A

System of buildings and equipment to provide basic services like water and electricity for residents.

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10
Q

What are some ranges of functions that cities have?

A

Administrative functions and commercial and educational activities.

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11
Q

What do rural areas have compared to cities?

A

Lower population size and density, fewer functions as they are less built up.

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12
Q

What are migrants?

A

People that may have come from another location in their country before settling down somewhere out of their original location

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13
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

People moving from rural areas to urban areas like cities.

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14
Q

Why do migrants move?

A

Push and pull factors.

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15
Q

What are push factors? (in the context of migrants)

A

Reasons that make migrants want to leave their place of origin.

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16
Q

What are pull factors? (in the context of migrants)

A

Reasons that attract migrants to a particular destination, (eg. a city.)

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17
Q

What are the relationships between rural areas and urban areas?

A
  1. Rural - urban migration
  2. Provision of goods and services
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18
Q

What do cities rely on rural areas for? Why?

A

Cities rely on rural areas for food supply as they have limited space for agricultural activities.

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19
Q

What do rural areas rely on cities for? How?

A

When farmers in rural areas sell food supply, cities give them money which becomes their source of income. They also benefit from amenities in the city. (eg, travelling to the city for medical)

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20
Q

What opportunities are there for people living in cities?

A
  1. Education and employment
  2. Technological innovation
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21
Q

How does living in a city co-relate to better chances for education and employment?

A

There are large populations of people who want to learn things in cities, and cities are thus home to educational institutions.

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22
Q

How does education relate to employment?

A

Education which allows people to gain new knowledge and skills, helps people apply what they have learnt when they are employed. They can thus earn money to make a livelihood.

23
Q

Why do businesses thrive in cities?

A

Cities have 1.developed infrastructure, 2. availability of services and 3.opportunities like education

24
Q

What is the relation between businesses and educational institutes?

A

1.They can hire from groups of skilled employees
2.Can offer work -study arrangements with institutes so as to train employees (students spend time working in a company while receiving training)

25
Q

What is technological innovation?

A

Use of scientific knowledge to create new products or services.

26
Q

Why are cities known for technological innovation?

A
  1. There are skilled people living in cities, like researches, designers, etc.
  2. Funding from governments and investors for people to experiment with new ideas.
27
Q

What are some challenges that people living in cities face? (Clue: 6 challenges)

A
  1. Environmental pollution
  2. Air pollution
  3. Water pollution
  4. Competition for natural resources
  5. Land resource
  6. Water resource
28
Q

Why do cities experience environmental pollution?

A

Large amounts of fossil fuels being consumed as there are many people, businesses and transport networks.

29
Q

What happens during environmental pollution?

A

Containments are produced and released into physical environment, harming the health of people.

30
Q

Why do cities experience water pollution?

A

Water supplies in cities are affected by improper management of household and industrial waste due to inadequate/broken sewage systems.

31
Q

What happens during water pollution?

A

Waste is directly disposed into water and thus causes water quality to reduce. This harms aquatic life and poses a threat to human health.

32
Q

Why do cities experience air pollution?

A

1.Use of coal to generate electricity
2.High traffic
3.Factory emissions

33
Q

What happens during air pollution?

A

Respiratory infections, heart diseases and cancer. This leads to a greater demand for healthcare services in cities.

34
Q

Why do cities face the challenge of competition for natural resources?

A

They will need a larger amount of natural resources so as to build infrastructure and supply materials due to an increasing number of people which leads to high demand.

35
Q

Why do cities face the challenge of competition for land resource?

A

cities need to accomandate growing populations for different purposes. 1.When cities have insufficient land space they might expand towards rural areas and thus replace nature and farmland, etc. 2. this could lead to unhappiness as people need to relocate.

36
Q

Why do cities face the challenge of competition for water resources?

A

Cities need to ensure a continuous supply of fresh water. This is compromised by competition for land, that limits construction for reservoirs. besides this, water catchment areas are affected as vegetation is turned into concrete land.

37
Q

What are some examples as to why cities have high environmental pollution?/large environmental footprint?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Industry
    Both cause large amounts of waste and pollutants in the environment
38
Q

What do management strategies do?

A

regulate the use of natural resources, minimise negative environmental impact from human activities.

39
Q

What could reduce the quality of water in reservoirs?

A

Rainwater could mix with nutrients from nearby farms and go into reservoirs which reduces the water quality.

40
Q

What is an example of management that helps to reduce water pollution?

A

Farms set up 1.drains around farm plots and 2.water treatment ponds to channel and collect rainwater and excess nutrients in Kranji reservoir.

41
Q

What is an example of management that helps reduce air pollution?

A

City governments in China implemented license plate lottery policy that limits the number of new vehicles that can be registered, in turn lessening traffic congestion, which is a cause of air pollution.

42
Q

What are hazards?

A

Events that have a negative impact on people, the physical and built environments and the economy,

43
Q

What are human induced hazards?

A

These hazards arise from human actions or inaction.

44
Q

What are two ways to manage hazards?

A
  1. Better quality building materials
  2. Land use planning
45
Q

Why is using better quality building materials a way to manage hazards?

A

Buildings must be of good quality so as to withstand threats.

46
Q

What is land planning and why is it a good way to manage hazards?

A

Land planning is decision making on how land resources with be used for different purposes. Planning agencies disallow areas with high hazard risk to be allowed to do construction on.

47
Q

What does quality of life refer to?

A

A persons well being.

48
Q

What does housing refer to?

A

Structures or buildings constructed to shelter people from weather elements.

49
Q

How do we improve the quality of life?

A
  1. Safe housing
  2. Variety of transportation modes
  3. Needs of different groups
50
Q

What are squatter settlements? Why do they become squatter settlements?

A

people who resort to building homes at dangerous locations without obtaining permission. They might become squatter settlements due to housing supply being insufficient or too expensive.

51
Q

What are transportation modes and the three main transport modes?

A

Transportation modes are the ways in which people and goods move from one location to another. The three main transport modes are land air and water.

52
Q

What are some benefits of having a variety of transportation modes?

A
  1. Easier to travel around
  2. Reduced traffic congestion as less cars on road
  3. Less environmental pollution, as when there are less cars on road leads to less fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions
53
Q

Why is considering the needs of different groups important?

A

Cities have different groups of people, like children and elderly. Cities need to be designed with people in mind to ensure a good quality of life.

Geography (5 decks)

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