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J - SOC 327 Lecture (1/2) > Chapter 7: Forensic Science and Forensic Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Forensic Science and Forensic Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is forensics?

A

The application of science to law.

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2
Q

Who laid the foundation of modern day forensics?

A

Bertillon.

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3
Q

What was Bertillon’s contribution to modern forensics?

A

Mugshots and crime scene photography. Before this, suspects were identified based on eyewitness testimony, and artists sketched crime scenes.

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4
Q

What is wrong with artists sketching crime scenes?

A

The end result is influenced buy the perception of the artists.

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5
Q

What are some techniques used by Bertillon in crime scene photography?

A

Photographed from above and at ground level, included a ruler for scale.

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6
Q

___ was a student of Bertillon and was trained in both medicine and law.

A

Locard.

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7
Q

Who was known as the “Sherlock Holmes of France?”

A

Locard.

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8
Q

What is Locard’s Exchange Principle?

A

If the offender comes in contact with objects at the crime scene, then the offender will leave traces of that contact on the objects.

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9
Q

Due to Locard’s exchange principle, ___ ___ is now routinely collected at crime scenes.

A

Trace evidence.

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10
Q

Who contributed most to the field of forensic psychology?

A

Munsterberg.

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11
Q

What did Munsterberg contribute to the field of forensic psychology?

A

Focused on study of eyewitness testimony and the psychology of false confessions.

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12
Q

What did Munsterberg discover about eyewitness testimonies?

A

Two people who saw the same event will remember the event differently.

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13
Q

What did Munsterberg discover in his psychological study of false confessions?

A

They happen for 2 main reasons: fear and fatigue.

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14
Q

How does fear lead to false confessions?

A

Even if the accused knows they are innocent, they believe that the evidence is enough to convict them.

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15
Q

Hoe does fatigue lead to false confessions?

A

People eventually become too tired to resist accusations of guilt.

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16
Q

What example did Munsterberg give to support his conclusion about fatigue and false confessions?

A

The Witch Trials in Salem, where they gave up in the face of unrelenting accusations.

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17
Q

How does forensic psychology play a role in police recruitment and training?

A

Helps determine a person’s suitability for police work through cognitive ability tests, personality tests, situational tests.

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18
Q

What is the most common personality test used in police recruitment?

A

MMPI and MMPI-2.

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19
Q

What are situational tests used in police recruitment?

A

What if an officer was down, etc.

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20
Q

How is psychological profiling used to profile an offender?

A

Uses all available information about a crime, crime scene, and victim in order to compose a profile of the unknown perpetrator.

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21
Q

Give an example of how psychological profiling can be used to profile an offender.

A

Organized vs. disorganized killers.

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22
Q

What are some criticisms of using psychological profiling to profile an offender?

A

There is not a whole lot of science, and a lot is speculation. Success of using these techniques is not any better than using any other investigative approaches.

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23
Q

How is psychological profiling used for investigative psychology?

A

Focuses on the classification and description of criminals and their activities, showing a connection between the offenders’ criminal behaviour and their everyday lives.

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24
Q

What is the primary role of eyewitness testimony?

A

To point you in the direction of the person responsible for the crime.

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25
Q

What are some factors that impede the ability to get reliable eyewitness testimony?

A

Self-confidence, desire to make an identification, social influences, faulty instructions.

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26
Q

How should police instruct eyewitness testimony?

A
  • Using a standard method of instructing witnesses (such as VIPER). - Show photos one at a time.
  • Mention to the witness that the person who is responsible may not be there at all.
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27
Q

How does the confidence people possess affect eyewitness testimony?

A

People can convince themselves of the accuracy of their perceptions and memories.

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28
Q

How does the desire to make an identification affect eyewitness testimony?

A

Have a genuine desire to help, but may be tempted to identify an offender, even though they may not really be sure.

29
Q

How do social influences affect eyewitness testimony?

A

Idea of people discussing what they saw with co-witnesses can taint evidence.

30
Q

How do faulty instructions affect eyewitness testimony?

A

Zealous police officers can influence and lead witnesses.

31
Q

Why is a police lineup, or showing a witness a page of multiple people problematic?

A

People can make relative comparisons, and will pick the closest match, even if it does not match the person they witnessed.

32
Q

Why is showing pictures one at a time beneficial;?

A

It forces the eyewitness to rule out the photos one at a time before going on to the next one.

33
Q

What is VIPER?

A

A huge database of volunteers’ photos, where a lineup can be created in the matter of an hour.

34
Q

What are some reasons that people can engage in voluntary false confessions?

A
  • Have some pathological need to be punished.
  • Don’t have capacity to distinguish between truth and fiction.
  • Have a desire for notoriety.
  • Try to protect the person they know is responsible.
35
Q

What are the 2 types of coerced false confessions?

A

Compliant or internalized.

36
Q

What is a compliant false confession?

A

A false confession due to the accused being fatigued and giving up, possibly because they will get a lighter sentence.

37
Q

What is an internalized false confession?

A

A false confession due to the accused beginning to doubt that they are actually not guilty. They begin to accept the idea that they are responsible.

38
Q

Confrontational nature of police interrogations are based on the ___ technique.

A

Reid.

39
Q

The ___ technique of interrogation leads to many false confessions.

A

Reid.

40
Q

What are some features that are characteristic of the Reid technique?

A
  • Police leading suspects to believe they know they are guilty.
  • Police are absolutely sure they have the right person.
  • May involve police telling subjects they have evidence they do not have.
  • Can involve interrogating for hours on end- break them down.
41
Q

Is it legal for police to tell subjects they have evidence they do not have?

A

Yes.

42
Q

What Reid technique feature is receiving criticism, and is being replaced by the PEACE technique?

A

Good cop/bad cop.

43
Q

What is the good cop/bad cop routine?

A

You (either by yourself or with a partner) alternate between supportive/understanding and accusatory.

44
Q

The good cop/bad cop routine is being replaced by the ___ technique.

A

PEACE.

45
Q

What is the PEACE technique?

A 
P- Preparation and planning. 
E- Engage and explain. 
A- Account. 
C- Closure. 
E- Evaluation.
46
Q

In the PEACE technique, what does the P stand for and what does it entail?

A

Prepration and planning, entails the development of objectives, deciding what you want to accomplish.

47
Q

In the PEACE technique, what does the first E stand for and what does it entail?

A

Engage and explain, entails that interviewers should establish rapport with people, engage them in conversation, explain to them what is going to happen, explain the purpose.

48
Q

In the PEACE technique, what does the A stand for and what does it entail?

A

Account, is the interview itself. With cooperative suspects and witnesses, you use a cognitive interview. With uncooperative subjects, you use conversation management.

49
Q

What kind of interview do you use with cooperative suspects and witnesses in the PEACE technique?

A

Cognitive interview.

50
Q

What kind of interview do you use with uncooperative suspects and witnesses in the PEACE technique?

A

Conversation management.

51
Q

What is conversation management?

A

An interview technique used for uncooperative suspects and witnesses in the PEACE technique. Involves presenting them with evidence and challenging them, but not as confrontational as good cop/bad cop.

52
Q

In the PEACE technique, what does the C stand for and what does it entail?

A

Closure, where interviewer summarizes, then gives the opportunity to correct or add anything.

53
Q

In the PEACE technique, what does the second E stand for and what does it entail?

A

Interviewers evaluate what the interview can contribute to the investigation.

54
Q

What is the criteria used for expert testimony?

A

Mohan criteria.

55
Q

What are the 4 aspects of the Mohan criteria concerning expert testimony?

A
  1. Relevant.
  2. Necessary criteria.
  3. Exclusionary rules.
  4. Recognized expert.
56
Q

What does the Mohan criteria say about relevance?

A

Expert testimony should be logically relevant and not prejudicial. It should not distort the fact finding process, and it shouldn’t be used if it can confuse a jury.

57
Q

What does the Mohan criteria say about necessary criteria?

A

Has to be expert knowledge. Cannot be knowledge that the judge or jury would know.

58
Q

What does the Mohan criteria say about exclusionary rules?

A

Expert testimony cannot be related to evidence that has already been excluded.

59
Q

What does the Mohan criteria say about recognized experts?

A

The person giving the expert testimony must be an expert in the field based on experience or training. This is for judges to determine.

60
Q

In courts, insanity is a ___ term, not a ___ one.

A

Legal, psychiatric.

61
Q

What is the McNaughton Rule?

A

A person cannot be convicted if, at the time of the offence, the individual had some form of mental defect or disease of the mind that made the person incapable of knowing that what he or she did was wrong.

62
Q

Not guilty because of insanity has been replaced with ___.

A

NCRMD.

63
Q

The insanity assessment is based on the ___ scale.

A

Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scale (R-CRAS).

64
Q

Does the R-CRAS ensure completely objective assessments of insanity?

A

No, assessments are still subjective. The background and experience of the assessor can influence the result of using the scale.

65
Q

When using the R-CRAS, you are trying to measure someone’s state they are in now. True or false?

A

False, you are trying to assess their state at the time of the offence.

66
Q

In NCRMD cases, it is often the case that the defence and prosecution agree/disagree.

A

Agree.

67
Q

Crimes where people use NCRMD do/do not involve violence. What is the percentage that involve violence?

A

Do not involve violence. Only about 8% do.

68
Q

Within the 8% of violent NCRMD cases, the perpetrators are…

A

Often well known to the victim.

J - SOC 327 Lecture (1/2) (5 decks)

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