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PSYC3507 Soc. Dev. Final > Chapter 7: Family > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Family Flashcards

1
Q

What is a family?

A

A social unit in which adult spouses or partners and their children share economic, social, and emotional rights and responsibilities and a sense of commitment and identification

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2
Q

Although family structures vary, what similar functions do all families share?

A
  • Earliest and most sustained source of social contact
  • Offer the most intense and enduring of all interpersonal bonds
  • Share memories of the past and expectations for the future
  • Standard against which other relationships are judged
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3
Q

What is the family system?

A
  • A group of people composed of interdependent members and subsystems
  • changes in the behavior of one member of the family affect the functioning of the other members
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4
Q

How is family a system for socialization?

A

The process by which parents and others teach children the standards of: behavior, attitudes, skills and motives deemed appropriate for their society (and culture)

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5
Q

What are examples of the direct effects of family members?

A
  • spouses praising or criticizing each other;
  • parents hugging or spanking children;
  • children clinging or talking back to parents
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6
Q

What are some examples of indirect effects of family members?

A

-One parent modifies the quantity and quality of other parent’s interaction with the child, which in turn affects the child’s behavior

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7
Q

Describe a well-functioning family system

A
  • Parents have a good relationship with each other
  • They are caring and supportive of their children
  • The children are cooperative and responsible and care for their parents
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8
Q

Describe a dysfunctional family system

A
  • Parents have an unhappy marriage
  • Parents are irritable with their children
  • The children exhibit antisocial behavior, which intensifies problems in the parents’ relationship
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9
Q

What happens when a family system becomes dysfunctional?

A
  • When the family system becomes dysfunctional, it is difficult to change negative patterns because systems, in general, resist change
  • The more adaptable the family can be, the better functioning the system will be
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10
Q

How does a mutually supportive couple system effect children?

A

When partners are mutually supportive:

  • they are more involved with their children,
  • their child-rearing practices are more competent, and
  • their relationships with their children are more affectionate and responsive
  • In turn, children whose parents are mutually supportive and affectionate are well adjusted and positive
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11
Q

How does a hostile/conflicting couple system affect children?

A
  • Parents who are in conflict and lash out at each other with hostility, belligerence, and contempt inflict problems on their children
  • Infants may develop insecure attachment to parents
  • Older children may become aggressive or depressed
  • Children may blame themselves for parental conflict
  • HPA axis impairment (cortisol levels) and allostatic load
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12
Q

What are the direct effects of parental conflict found in research done by Cummings et al.?

A
  • Children’s level of distress increased as the intensity and destructiveness of their parents’ fights increased
  • Intense and destructive conflicts between parents were related to child emotional insecurity, depression, anxiety, behavior problems, relationship difficulties, and poor emotion regulation
  • Constructive conflict - showing respect for each other’s opinions, expressing mutual warmth and support, and modeling effective conflict negotiation strategies - lessened the harmful effects on children
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13
Q

What are the Indirect effects of parental conflict?

A
  • When marital difficulties affect parents’ child-rearing practices which then, in turn, affect children’s development
  • Parents in conflicted marriages are likely to have angry and intrusive parenting styles
  • Children, in turn, might display anger when they interact with their parents or with other children
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14
Q

How does the social learning theory account for the effects of parental conflict on children’s social development?

A

Children learn how to interact with people and resolve conflicts by watching their parents

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15
Q

How does the attachment theory account for the effects of parental conflict on children’s social development?

A

Exposure to conflict leads to emotional arousal, distress and sense of emotional insecurity, which contributes to later problems in social interactions

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16
Q

How do cognitive processes account for the effects of parental conflict on children’s social development?

A
  • The impact of parental conflict depends on how children understand the conflict
  • If the conflict is perceived as threatening, they may become anxious, depressed, or withdrawn
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17
Q

What else accounts for the effects of parental conflict on children’s social development?

A

Poor Parental Mental Health
Poor parental mental health accounts for conflict

Genetic Explanation
Stronger link between marital conflict and adolescent conduct problems in families in which the mothers or fathers are identical twins vs. fraternal twins

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18
Q

How are links between parental conflict and child adjustment are reciprocal and transactional

A

Marital discord predicts child behavior - negative emotional reactivity and dysregulated behaviour predicted more marital conflict

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19
Q

What happens when children try to intervene with parental conflict?

A

when children tried to intervene with parents, conflict decreased. Parents might have become aware of the impact of conflict

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20
Q

What can we do about the effects of parental conflict on children’s social development?

A
  • Intervention programs to better manage parental conflict (learn conflict resolution) are associated with fewer behavior problems in children
  • Teaching couples about the effects of constructive and destructive marital conflict
  • Parents participating in professionally led group discussions on parenting or marital issues
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21
Q

What is The Impact of a New Baby on the Couple System ?

A
  • Shift toward a more traditional division of labor
  • Less marital satisfaction
  • Satisfaction declines more markedly in women due to shift in roles
  • Father’s satisfaction declines more gradually (may be a more gradual realization of new restrictions)
  • Difficult child temperament can exacerbate marital conflict
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22
Q

What are some socialization goals of parents?

A
  • behave politely
  • get along with others
  • value honesty and hard work
  • variation across families and across cultures
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23
Q

when does socialization become more deliberate?

A

Socialization becomes more deliberate as children achieve greater mobility and begin to use language

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24
Q

How and what learning principes do parents use to teach their children social rules?

A
  • Parents use learning principles to teach their children social rules
  • Use reinforcement when they explain acceptable standards of behavior and then praise or punish the children according to whether they conform to or violate these rules
  • Use modeling when they demonstrate behaviors they want the children to adopt
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25
Q

What are some differences in parental socialization approaches?

A
  • Emotional Involvement: Warm and loving vs. cold and rejecting. Warm and loving results in better socialization.
  • Level of Control: Permissive and undemanding vs. demanding and restrictive. “Happy medium” is the ideal.
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26
Q

What is a key aspect of strict control?

A

Physical Punishment (Slapping, spanking, beating)

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27
Q

What is physical punishment linked to and when do the most negative consequences occur?

A
  • Linked to a variety of negative outcomes, especially increases in children’s aggression
  • But, it depends on the type of physical punishment. Most negative outcomes occur when—
  • Physical punishment is the predominant disciplinary tactic
  • Punishment is severe, including shaking and spanking that is anger driven and out of control
  • Both lead to increased antisocial behaviour and poor conscience development
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28
Q

Describe Energetic-friendly children

A

More socially competent in every way, were likely to have authoritative parents

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29
Q

Describe conflicted-irritable children

A

Tended to be fearful and moody, were likely to have authoritarian parents

30
Q

Describe Impulsive-aggressive children

A

uncontrolled, noncompliant, and aggressive behavior, were likely to have permissive parents

31
Q

What are the characteristics of an uninvolved/disengaged parent and what effects does it have on children?

A
  • They do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs of having children—giving them as little time and effort as possible
  • They focus on their own needs before those of the children
  • Children with uninvolved parents are likely to be impulsive, aggressive, noncompliant, and moody
32
Q

Why do parents have different parenting styles?

A
  • Quality of the parents’ relationship with each other
  • Personality (Less agreeable trait related to authoritarian parenting)
  • Perspective-taking ability
  • Ability to adapt to stressful situations (Related to authoritative parenting style)
  • Mental health
  • Education
  • Family of origin (i.e., how were they parented)
  • Circumstances in which family lives
  • Children’s behavior
33
Q

What is bidirectional socialization?

A
  • parents’ behaviours influence children’s behaviours

- children’s behaviours influence parents’ behaviours

34
Q

What is transactional socialization?

A
  • A developmental socialization process in which children act, their parents react, and the children react back in mutually interlocking interactions over time resulting in changes in both partners
  • Both the parents and children change over time
35
Q

_______ typically spend less time with their children than _______- do

A

Fathers; Mothers

36
Q

What are fathers’ Play with children like?

A
  • Fathers engage in more play and in more “rough and tumble” play, however, not seen in all cultures
  • Even with adolescents, fathers are more playful than mothers—joking and teasing
37
Q

What is mothers’ play with children like?

A

Mothers play conventional games, interact with toys, and talk more

38
Q

What is coparenting?

A

How parents work together as a team; can be cooperative, hostile, or unbalanced

39
Q

What are the 3 coparenting patterns that have different effects on children’s social development?

A
  • Cooperative, cohesive, and child centered: Predicts positive social-emotional development
  • Hostile: Parents compete for children’s loyalty (Predicts aggressive behaviour in children)
  • Imbalanced involvement with children: One parent spends more time than the other, One parent may engage in “gatekeeping” and limit other parent’s involvement (Predicts anxiety in children)
40
Q

who do most children spend more time interacting with than anyone else?

A

their siblings

41
Q

What opportunities do interactions between siblings provide for children?

A

Interactions between siblings provide opportunities for children to learn positive and negative ways of interacting and may be more emotionally intense than exchanges with other family members and friends

42
Q

How are siblings affected by birth order?

A

Firstborn – adult oriented, helpful, self-controlled

Later-born - less fearful and anxious and have more self-confidence and less guilt than their firstborn siblings

Only children - high achievers, personal control, maturity, and leadership
(these differences are not large, they are modest)

43
Q

What kind of substantial influence can parents have on how older children react to a new baby?

A
  • when the new baby is born, parents typically have less interaction with their older children
  • Fathers may become more involved with older child
  • If a child has good friends in day care, the child is less upset when the sibling arrives (serves as a buffer)
44
Q

what do older siblings usually serve as for younger siblings?

A
  • Older sisters often act as caregivers
  • Older siblings can serve as resources for their younger siblings in times ofstress
  • Older siblings serve as teachers for their younger siblings
  • But older siblings are not always a positive influence (e.g., can encourage sexual activity, drug use and delinquency in younger siblings)
45
Q

What changes in terms of sibling relationship in adolescence?

A
  • When siblings reach adolescence, they become more alike, share more interests, and are less concerned about grabbing their parents’ attention
  • Sibling rivalry and ambivalence are likely to diminish and intimacy between siblings typically increases with age
46
Q

What are men with poor sibling relationships more prone to?

A

major depression by age 50 (Shows long-term consequences)

47
Q

How does storytelling strengthen the family unit?

A

help transmit family values and reinforce the uniqueness of the family as a unit

48
Q

How do routines help to create the family climate?

A
  • Day-to-day activities such as making dinner or washing the dishes are important elements of socialization
  • Mealtime routines predict higher self-esteem and drug use less likely
49
Q

How do rituals help to create the family climate?

A

Family activities involving formal religious observances and family celebrations. Help explain “who we are.” Predict family cohesiveness

50
Q

How US families affected by changing times?

A

Bronfenbrenner’s Chronosystem – Families are affected by changing times

  • More mothers are working outside the home
  • Couples are waiting until they are older before they marry and have their first child
  • Infertile couples can now have children through a variety of new reproductive technologies
  • Increase in same-sex parent families
  • The number of single-parent families has increased
  • The divorce rate is higher
51
Q

How does Stress at work takes a toll on children, parents, and marriages?

A
  • Fathers who experience work stress are less sensitive and engaged with their children and their wives
  • Mothers may withdraw from children and husbands
  • In contrast, positive work experiences can enhance the quality of parents’ behavior
52
Q

What are the reasons for later marriage and parenthood (after 30)?

A
  • Improved employment and career opportunities for women
  • Increased flexibility in gender roles for both men and women
  • Desire to have completed education and become established in career before parenthood
53
Q

how do older mothers feel about parenting?

A
  • Older mothers feel more responsible about parenting, enjoy it more, and express more positive affect with their infants than younger mothers do
  • Older mothers spend more social time with their infants and are more successful in eliciting vocal and imitative responses from them
54
Q

characteristics of older fathers

A
  • Older fathers have more flexibility and freedom to balance the demands of work and family than younger fathers
  • Older fathers are three times more likely to have regular responsibility for some part of their children’s daily care
  • Older fathers experience more positive affect associated with child rearing
55
Q

in general, how does single parenting affect children scores on developmental measures?

A

children in single-parent families do worse on developmental measures than children in two-parent families. But, depends on type of single-parent family

56
Q

when are effects of single parent family more negative?

A
  • More negative effects if the mother was never married vs. if the mother is separated or divorced
  • In the U.S. the median family income of never-married mothers is only half that of divorced mothers. These mothers are also younger and less educated than divorced mothers
57
Q

What does divorce entail?

A
  • It involves a series of steps that start long before the couple separates
  • Continues through the pain of separation and the difficulty of setting up two separate households
  • Reverberates through often lengthy legal proceedings
  • The period following the separation is very stressful
58
Q

What kinds of problems do children from divorced families experience more than children from 2 parent families?

A

more behavioral and emotional problems than children from two-parent families:

  • Increased aggression, noncompliant, anti-social behaviour
  • Less prosocial behaviour
  • Lower self-esteem
  • More problems with peer relationships
59
Q

Although divorce effects are not large what do they have a stronger effect on?

A

they have a stronger effect on children’s problem behavior and psychological stress than do illness, death of a family member, or parents’ low education

60
Q

Who is affected most by divorce?

A
  • Depends somewhat on the age of the child at the time of the divorce, with fewer effects for very young or adult children
  • But children of all ages can be affected. e.g., Infants from divorced families are more likely than those in intact families to be:
  • insecure and disorganized in their attachments to their mothers and fathers
  • less engaged in play with their parents
61
Q

What do preschool kids experience when divorce occurs?

A

they are confused, fearful, and anxious

62
Q

What do school age kids experience when divorce occurs?

A

understand the concepts of “divorce” and “separation” better than younger children, but are usually shocked, worried, and sad

63
Q

What do adolescents experience when divorce occurs?

A

increased awareness and understanding of the parents’ problems
more likely to engage in risky behaviors and may feel abandoned, anxious, and depressed

64
Q

What individual characteristics effect how individuals are impacted by divorce?

A
  • Children who are psychologically healthy, happy, and confident adjust better than children with problems before the divorce
  • Intelligence: brighter children adapt better than less intelligent children
  • Temperament: children with difficult temperament are at higher risk
65
Q

What usually happens immediately following a divorce?

A

Immediately following the divorce children often experience a period of diminished parenting and Children have lost home and lifestyle to which they were accustomed.

66
Q

who is usually the non-residential parent after divorce occurs?

A

The father

67
Q

What is sole custody?

A

the child is exclusively with either the mother or the father

68
Q

What is joint physical custody?

A

parents make decisions together regarding their child’s life and also share physical custody so that the child lives with each parent for about half the time

69
Q

What is joint legal custody?

A

both parents retain and share responsibility for decisions regarding the child’s life, although the child usually resides with one parent

70
Q

Does custody matter in terms of child outcomes?

A

Children of “joint custodies” show better outcomes:

  • Fewer behavioural problems and emotional difficulties
  • Higher self-esteem
71
Q

How does remarriage affect children?

A
  • Children in stepfamilies have more behavioral and emotional problems than children in intact families or even divorced families
  • More aggressive and antisocial, less compliant and prosocial, lower self-esteem.
  • However, these differences between divorced and intact families are not large
72
Q

What else does how a child is impacted by remarriage depend on?

A
  • Also depends on age of child when remarriage occurs

- Younger children adjust more easily, but teens have a difficult time accepting their parent’s remarriage

PSYC3507 Soc. Dev. Final (8 decks)

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