Chapter 7 - Existentialism

Question 1

Which of the following most characterized Rousseau’s utopian society?

Answer 1

The surrender of the individual will to the general will

Question 2

According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:

Answer 2

A matter of choice

Question 3

Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.

Answer 3

Apollonian

Question 4

Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.

Answer 4

animalistic; good

Question 5

Goethe viewed science as:

Answer 5

useful but limited

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?

Answer 6

aesthetic, ethical, then religious

Question 7

Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:

Answer 7

unconscious

Question 8

Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?

Answer 8

Goethe

Question 9

Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.

Answer 9

liberty

Question 10

What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?

Answer 10

The importance of subjective experience

Question 11

Rousseau believed that education should:

Answer 11

stimulate the development of a child’s natural impulses

Question 12

At the heart of Nietzsche’s psychology is the tension between:

Answer 12

Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies

Question 13

According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the “absolute paradox” with:

Answer 13

faith

Question 14

For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:

Answer 14

the will to power

Question 15

Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:

Answer 15

psychologist

Question 16

According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that:

Answer 16

humans need to be governed

Question 17

Rousseau supported Protestantism because:

Answer 17

God’s existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings

Question 18

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to:

Answer 18

embrace God and take God’s existence on faith

Question 19

The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author?

Answer 19

Rousseau

Question 20

Nietzsche’s ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.

Answer 20

perspectivism

Question 21

According to Rousseau, an effective government must be based on:

Answer 21

the general will

Question 22

The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?

Answer 22

benevolence

Question 23

According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.

Answer 23

intelligent humans

Question 24

According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes:

Answer 24

the will to survive

Question 25

Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God:

Answer 25

has to be taken on faith

Question 26

Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:

Answer 26

they fear death

Question 27

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.

Answer 27

sublimation

Question 28

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:

Answer 28

controlled passion

Question 29

According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following?

Answer 29

People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose.

Question 30

According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:

Answer 30

an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction

Question 31

According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?

Answer 31

A child's natural interests

Question 32

Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):

Answer 32

noble savage

Question 33

Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on:

Answer 33

Jung

Question 34

Nietzsche believed that:

Answer 34

people are their own creation

Question 35

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following?

Answer 35

People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others.

Question 36

The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:

Answer 36

Rousseau

Question 37

Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:

Answer 37

every individual strives to be all that he or she could be

Question 38

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?

Answer 38

A criticism of the organized church and science

Question 39

Aesthetic attitudes and principles based on the culture, art, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restrained emotion

Answer 39

Classicism (Neoclassicism)

Question 40

Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th CE and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions

Answer 40

Romanticism

Question 41

- Said that the goal of life was to embrace opposing forces - Wrote Faust - Interested in color perception, anatomy, botany

Answer 41

Goethe

Question 42

- Said that impulses of the heart should guide behavior, not reason and logic - Noble Savage: society corrupts and interferes with natural goodness - The Social Contract: said that there was a common good, and that there is a trade off between personal gain and common good - View on education: should be a free, open process; take adv of natural curiosity - Elements of self-actualization

Answer 42

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788)

Question 43

- The will to survive: the way to survive is to satisfy our needs - Primary motive = self-preservation - Intelligence leads to suffering - "All willing springs from lack; all willing stems from suffering" - Common to compare this philosopher and Freud

Answer 43

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

Question 44

- Thought Hegel was too abstract to be of use - Essence of humanity = individual uniqueness - Have an existential choice to choose aesthetic style (gratifying pleasures) or ethical style (neither is better/worse); this choice is a leap of faith - Either/Or details this choice - Truth is subjective, an objective uncertainty, basically constitutes something you're passionate about

Answer 44

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

Question 45

- Critical of Schopenhauer - Tension between Apollonian (rationality, predictability, orderliness) and Dionysian (irrational, chaotic, passionate) natures - "God is dead; and we have killed him with science" - Humans as irrational; but the ubermensch is one who has allowed the will to power to run free in him - There is a struggle for superiority, growth, and expansion

Answer 45

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900)