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Biology Module 3 > Chapter 7 - Exchange Systems And Breathing > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Exchange Systems And Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Do single celled organisms have high or low SA:V

A

High

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2
Q

Need for larger multicellular animals to have specialised exchange surfaces

A
  • small SA:V = diffusion distance too long = time taken for diffusion would be too long
    Specialised exchange surfaces needed for oxygen/carbon dioxide
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3
Q

Outline how respiratory systems in bony fish are adapted to maximise ventilation

A
  • water enters mouth when flaw of buccal cavity lowered
  • volume change in buccal cavity
  • buccal cavity raised when mouth shut = pressure increase
  • water flows over gills
  • water leaves via operculum
  • one direction flow
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4
Q

Outline how respiratory systems in insects are adapted to maximise ventilation

A
  • abdominal pumping + pressure change in abdomen
  • thorax shape change = air drawn in/forced out
  • spiracle size changes
  • large SA:V = diffusion may be sufficient
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5
Q

Why do maggots not need well developed exchange surfaces and transport systems

A
  • smaller so greater SA:V
  • shorter diffusion distance
  • less active so lower metabolic demand for O2
  • no exoskeleton so can absorb oxygen by diffusion through skin
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6
Q

Explain how nasal cavity increases efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • large SA and good blood supply
  • mucus secreting cells, trap dust and microbes
  • moist surfaces = increase humidity + reduce evaporation from surfaces in lung
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7
Q

How are gills adapted for efficient gas exchange

A
  • many lamellae = large SA = faster diffusion
  • secondary lamellae on main lamellae provide large surface area
  • good blood supply = maintains steep concentration gradient
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8
Q

Outline how respiratory systems in bony fish are adapted to gaseous exchange

A
  • gill = larger surface area
  • thin = short diffusion distance
  • counter current system = gills have good blood supply = steep concentration gradient
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9
Q

Outline how respiratory systems in insects are adapted to maximise gaseous exchange

A
  • gas diffuses along tracheae
  • oxygen dissolves in tracheal fluid at tracheoles + diffuse into surrounding cells
  • many tracheoles so large SA
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10
Q

What holds the tracheae open

A

Spirals of chitin

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11
Q

Explain how trachea increases efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • cartilage rings = stop it from collapsing
  • Ciliated epithelium + goblet cells secrete mucus, trap dust and microbes and move them towards stomach
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12
Q

Explain how bronchi/bronchioles increases efficiency of gaseous exchange

A

Smooth muscle = allows air to move in and out and maintains high concentration gradient of oxygen / co2

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13
Q

Explain how alveoli increases efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • thin wall = reduces diffusion distances
  • elastic fibres = elastic recoil to help squeeze air out during exhalation
  • large number = large SA = increased rate of diffusion
  • surfactant = reduces friction and prevents alveoli from collapsing
  • good blood supply = maintains high concentration gradient
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14
Q

Explain how diaphragm increases efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • contract to increase volume in lungs, reduce pressure and cause inspiration
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15
Q

Advantage of high SA:V

A

allows for the exchange of substances to occur via simple diffusion

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16
Q

What is BMR

A

metabolic rate of an organism when at rest

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17
Q

The greater the body mass…

A

higher the metabolic rate
o Therefore, a single rhino consumes more oxygen within a given period of time compared to a single mouse

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18
Q

Effective exchange surfaces in organisms have …

A

o Large surface area
o Short diffusion distance (thin)
o Good blood supply
o Ventilation mechanism

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19
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells = effective exchange
surface

A

• Root hair cells = increase surface area

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20
Q

How does extensive capillary network effect efficiency of gas exchange in alveoli

A

constant flow of blood through the capillaries means that oxygenated blood is brought away from the alveoli and deoxygenated blood is brought to them
o This maintains the concentration gradient necessary for gas exchange to occur

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21
Q

How does ventilation effect efficiency of gas exchange in alveoli

A

maintain gradient = ensure that there is always a higher concentration of oxygen
in the alveoli than in the blood

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22
Q

Examples of organisms with good blood supply / ventilation

A

Gills / alveolus

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23
Q

How do gills have good blood supply / maintain concentration gradient

A

Counter current system

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24
Q

What is counter current system

A

extensive capillary system that covers the gills ensures that the blood flow is in the opposite direction to the flow of water

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25
Q

Key feature of the counter current system

A

water with the highest oxygen concentration is found next to the most deoxygenated blood

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26
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in humans

A

human thorax

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27
Q

What is the human thorax

A

Collection of organs and tissues in chest cavity

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28
Q

What is cartilage

A

strong and flexible tissue

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29
Q

Where can cartilage be found

A

in rings along the trachea

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30
Q

What are these rings of cartilage called

A

Tracheal rings

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31
Q

Purpose of tracheal rings

A

help to support the trachea and ensure it stays open while allowing it to move and flex while we breathe

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32
Q

What are Ciliated epithelium

A

Specialised tissue

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33
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium found

A

along the trachea down to the bronchi

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34
Q

Purpose of Ciliated epithelium

A

Each cell has small projections of cilia which sweep mucus, dust and bacteria upwards and away from the lungs and the epithelium itself

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35
Q

Where are goblet cells found

A

scattered throughout the ciliated epithelium in the trachea

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36
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to trap dust, bacteria and prevents them from reaching the lungs

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37
Q

Where is the mucus swept tk

A

Swallowed and destroyed in stomach by acid

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38
Q

What is squamous epithelium

A

Lining of alveoli = forms structure of alveolar walls

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39
Q

Features of squamous epithelium

A

very thin and permeable for the easy diffusion of gases

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40
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

throughout the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

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41
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

helps to regulate the flow of air into the lungs by dilating when more air is needed and constricting when less air is needed

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42
Q

Where are elastic fires found

A

All lung tissues

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43
Q

Functions of elastic fibres

A

enable the lung to stretch and recoil = what makes expiration a passive process

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44
Q

Purpose of capillary lumen being small = only able to fit one blood cell at a time

A

ensures that there is sufficient time and opportunity for gas exchange to occur

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45
Q

What produces the mucus

A

Mucous glands in goblet cells

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46
Q

Where are elastic fibres actually found

A

In the squamous epithelium of alveolar walls

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47
Q

List the components of the gas exchange system = humans

A

Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

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48
Q

What is the trachea

A

channel that allows air to travel to the lungs

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49
Q

What shape are tracheal rings

A

C shapes

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50
Q

Why are they c shaped

A

prevent any friction from rubbing with the esophagus located close behind

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51
Q

What is the bronchus

A

Extensions of the tracheae that split into two for the left + right lung

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52
Q

Structure of bronchus

A

Very similar structure to trachea but smaller = thinner walls + smaller diameter
• The cartilage rings in the bronchi are full circles

53
Q

What are bronchioles

A

narrow self-supporting tubes with thin walls

54
Q

Features of the bronchioles

A

get smaller as they get closer to the alveoli

55
Q

What do the larger bronchioles have that the smaller ones don’t

A

Smooth muscle

56
Q

Function of this elastic fires and smooth muscle in the large bronchioles

A

adjust the size of the airway to increase or decrease airflow = constrict

57
Q

Where is the alveoli found

A

At the ends of the bronchioles

58
Q

What does the alveoli wall consist of

A

single layer of epithelium

59
Q

Purpose of single layer of epithelium in alveolus walls

A

o Elastic fibres are located in the extracellular matrix
o Elastic fibres = cause recoil = helps move air out of alveoli

60
Q

Where does the trachea lead to and from

A

From mouth and nose to bronchi

61
Q

What is ventilation

A

Mass flow of gases

62
Q

What is ventilation brought about by

A

pressure differences in the thoracic cavity

63
Q

What is the passage of air

A
  1. Nose / mouth
  2. Trachea (windpipe)
  3. Bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
  5. Alveoli
64
Q

What type of process is breathing in = mammals

A

Active

65
Q

How do mammals breathe in

A
  • EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT
  • RIBCAGE MOVES UP AND OUT
  • DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS AND moves down and FLATTENS
  • VOLUME OF thorax INCREASES
  • PRESSURE INSIDE thorax DECREASES below atmospheric
  • AIR IS DRAWN IN
66
Q

What is breathing in called

A

Inspiration

67
Q

Why is inspiration active

A

We are contracting muscles

68
Q

What is breathing out called

A

Expiration

69
Q

Process of breathing out

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up
  • external intercostal muscles relax = rib cage moves down and inwards
  • volume of thorax decreases and pressure increases above atmospheric
  • air moves out of the lungs
70
Q

Is expiration active or passive

A

Passive

71
Q

When is expiration an active process

A
  • when forced e.g. coughing, blowing
  • because internal intercostal muscles contract instead of external intercostal muscles relaxing
72
Q

Labelled diagram of gas exchange

A
73
Q

When we talk about pressure in ventilation = mammals = what should we say

A

Thoracic pressure

74
Q

What is vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that could be inhaled or exhaled after taking a deep breath

75
Q

What is tidal volume

A

volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal breathing (at rest) = in a
single breathe

76
Q

What is breathing rate

A

Number of breaths taken in one minute

77
Q

What counts as one breath

A

taking air in and breathing it back out again

78
Q

What is oxygen uptake

A

volume of oxygen used up by someone in a given time

79
Q

What is residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the alveoli + airways after forced exhalation

80
Q

Normal breathing rate of humans

A

12-18 breaths per minute

81
Q

Label this

A
82
Q

What is the process of using a spirometer

A

Pen records the movement of the lid = as you breathe in the lid moves down and vice versa because the pen would be going down when you breathe in and up when you breath out.

83
Q

Purpose of soda lime in spirometer

A

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the exhaled air by soda lime in order to stop the concentration of carbon dioxide in the re-breathed air from getting too high = can cause respiratory distress

84
Q

How to measure oxygen uptake be measured

A

o Carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaled air, meaning that the total volume of air available in the spirometer gradually decreases, as oxygen is extracted from it by the subject’s breathing
o This change in volume is used as a measure of oxygen uptake

85
Q

Label this

A
86
Q

Precautions before using a Spirograph

A
  • subject should be healthy = no breathing problems like asthma
  • The soda lime should be fresh
  • There should be no air leaks = closed system
  • The mouthpiece should be steriled
  • The water chamber shouldn’t be overfilled otherwise it will enter the pipes
  • Make sure subject is wearing a nose clip
87
Q

What is breathing rate usually measured in

A

Breaths min^-1

88
Q

Formula for ventilation rate

A

Ventilation rate = tidal volume X breathing rate

89
Q

How to calculate vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume = approx. 4 to 4.5 dm3 =
peak to trough

90
Q

How to calculate breathing rate

A

peak to trough is one breath = count the number of
peaks in a minute

91
Q

How to calculate oxygen consumption

A

air breathed into the spirometer has CO2 removed by soda lime = volume of gas
decreases = decrease is equivalent to oxygen consumption = LINE GRADIENT IS
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION = gradient steeper in exercise

92
Q

How to double rate of diffusion

A

surface area or concentration difference is doubled or
2. thickness of the exchange membrane is halved.

93
Q

Features of the exchange system in insects

A

•spiracle
•trachea
•tracheoles

94
Q

Why can’t insects just use simple diffusion through skim and why is this an advantage + disadvantage

A

• rigid exoskeleton with a waxy coating = impermeable to gases
o prevents water loss but also means no gas exchange

95
Q

What is a spriacle

A

opening in the exoskeleton of an insect which has valves

96
Q

Purpose of spiracle

A

allows air to enter the insect and flow into the system of tracheae

97
Q

What are trachea/tracheoles

A

tubes within the insect respiratory system which lead to tracheoles (narrower tubes)

98
Q

What di the trachea have in insects

A

origid rings of cartilage / chitin that keep the tracheae open

99
Q

Passage of air in insects

A

Spiracle = trachea = air sac = tracheoles = muscle
cels

100
Q

For smaller insects is this okay

A

Yes = sufficient oxygen via diffusion

101
Q

How does the oxygen get from tracheoles to muscle cels

A

• Lactic acid / tracheal fluid - oxygen dissolves into this fluid, where it reaches individual cells to start simple diffusion / gas exchange

102
Q

When inactive, what happens to the fluid

A

tracheal fluid builds up at the bottom of the tracheoles, causing slower diffusion.

103
Q

When active, what happens to the fluid

A

muscles draw up tracheal fluid
• Faster diffusion
• Tracheal fluid being drawn up = less pressure = draws air from spiracles

104
Q

What’s the problem with larger insects + how do we fix this

A

• Need more rapid supply of oxygen = create mass flow of air = ventilation

105
Q

Expiration in insects

A

• muscles contract & flatten the body
• volume of the tracheal system decreases
• air is forced out

106
Q

Inspiration in insects

A

• Closing the spiracles
• Using abdominal muscles to create a pumping movement for ventilation

107
Q

Why do fish have a problem with gas exchange

A

• Oxygen dissolves less readily in water = must pass large volumes of water over their gas exchange systems relative to the volumes of air ventilated by land animals.

108
Q

Structure of fish gills in bony fish

A

gills = 4 = on each side of the head
• Each gill arch is attached to two stacks of filament
• On the surface of each filament, there are rows of lamellae
• The lamellae surface consists of a single layer of flattened cells that cover a vast network of capillaries
• lie between the mouth cavity and the opercular flaps

109
Q
A

B

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113
Q

All questions 😠

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128
Q

Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows that gills are adapted for efficient gas exchange.

A
129
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Biology Module 3 (3 decks)

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