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Biology - Module 3 > Chapter 7 - Exchange Systems And Breathing > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Exchange Systems And Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Do single celled organisms have high or low SA:V

A

High

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2
Q

What advantage does high SA:V ratio give them

A

allows for the exchange of substances to occur via simple diffusion

o The large surface area allows for maximum absorption of nutrients and gases and secretion of waste products

o The small volume means the diffusion distance to all organelles is short

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3
Q

Why is there a need for a specialised system for gas exchanges

A
  • supply of oxygen
  • removal of C02
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4
Q

Why can’t multi-cellular organisms rely on diffusion

A

• The time taken for oxygen to diffuse from the cell-surface membrane to the tissues would be too long

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5
Q

What is BMR

A

metabolic rate of an organism when at rest

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6
Q

The greater the body mass…

A

higher the metabolic rate

o Therefore, a single rhino consumes more oxygen within a given period of time compared to a single mouse

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7
Q

• Effective exchange surfaces in organisms have …

A

o Large surface area
o Short diffusion distance (thin)
o Good blood supply
o Ventilation mechanism

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8
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells = effective exchange surface

A

• Root hair cells = increase surface area

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9
Q

Adaptations of alveoli - efficient exchange system

A

• One cell thick = short diffusion distance
• Large number of alveoli = increases surfaces area for oxygen + carbon dioxide to diffuse across
• Extensive capillary network
- ventilation

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10
Q

How does extensive capillary network effect efficiency of gas exchange in alveoli

A

constant flow of blood through the capillaries means that oxygenated blood is brought away from the alveoli and deoxygenated blood is brought to them

o This maintains the concentration gradient necessary for gas exchange to occur

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11
Q

How does ventilation effect efficiency of gas exchange in alveoli

A

maintain gradient = ensure that there is always a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli than in the blood

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12
Q

Examples of organisms with good blood supply / ventilation

A

Gills / alveolus

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13
Q

How do gills have good blood supply / maintain concentration gradient

A

Counter current system

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14
Q

What is counter current system

A

extensive capillary system that covers the gills ensures that the blood flow is in the opposite direction to the flow of water

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15
Q

Key feature of the counter current system

A

water with the lowest oxygen concentration is found adjacent to the most deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in humans

A

human thorax

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17
Q

What is the human thorax

A

collection of organs and tissues in the chest cavity

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18
Q

What is cartilage

A

strong and flexible tissue

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19
Q

Where can cartilage be found

A

in rings along the trachea

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20
Q

What are these rings of cartilage called

A

Tracheal rings

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21
Q

Purpose of tracheal rings

A

help to support the trachea and ensure it stays open while allowing it to move and flex while we breathe

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22
Q

What are collated epithelium

A

specialised tissue

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23
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium found

A

along the trachea down to the bronchi

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24
Q

Purpose or collated epithelium

A

• Each cell has small projections of cilia which sweep mucus, dust and bacteria upwards and away from the lungs and the epithelium itself

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25
Q

Where are goblet cells found

A

scattered throughout the ciliated epithelium in the trachea

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26
Q

Function or glo let cells

A

mucus-producing cells that secrete viscous mucus which traps dust, bacteria and other microorganisms and prevents them from reaching the lungs

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27
Q

Where is the mucus swept tk

A

along by the cilia of the ciliated epithelium upwards and is swallowed

any microorganisms will then be destroyed by the acid in the stomach

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28
Q

What is squamous epithelium

A

Lining of alveoli = forms structure of alveolar walls

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29
Q

Features of squamous epithelium

A

very thin and permeable for the easy diffusion of gases

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30
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

throughout the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

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31
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

helps to regulate the flow of air into the lungs by dilating when more air is needed and constricting when less air is needed

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32
Q

Where are elastic fibres found

A

all lung tissues

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33
Q

Functions of elastic fibres

A

enable the lung to stretch and recoil = what makes expiration a passive process

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34
Q

Purpose of capillary lumen being small = only able to fit one blood cell at a time

A

ensures that there is sufficient time and opportunity for gas exchange to occur

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35
Q

What produces the mucus

A

Mucous glands in goblet cells

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36
Q

Where are elastic fibres actually found

A

In the squamous epithelium of alveolar walks

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37
Q

List the components of the gas exchange system = humans

A
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38
Q

Adaptations of naval cavity

A

• Large SA with rich blood supply = warms the air

• Hairy lining which secretes mucus to trap dust + bacteria

• Moist surfaces to increase the humidity of incoming air to prevent water loss at the alveoli

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39
Q

What is the trachea

A

channel that allows air to travel to the lungs

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40
Q

What shape are tracheal rings

A

C-shaped

41
Q

Why are they C-shaped

A

prevent any friction from rubbing with the oesophagus located close behind

42
Q

Adaptations of the trachea

A

• C-shaped rings of cartilage ensure that this air channel remains open at all times

covering of mucus inside the trachea = prevent bacteria

43
Q

What is the bronchus

A

• Extensions of the tracheae that split into two for the left + right lung

44
Q

Structure of the bronchus

A

• Very similar structure to trachea but smaller = thinner walls + smaller diameter
• The cartilage rings in the bronchi are full circles

45
Q

What are the bronchioles

A

• narrow self-supporting tubes with thin walls

46
Q

Features of the bronchioles

A

• get smaller as they get closer to the alveoli

47
Q

What do the larger bronchioles have that the smaller ones don’t

A

smooth muscle

48
Q

Function of this elastic fibres and smooth muscle in the large bronchioles

A

adjust the size of the airway to increase or decrease airflow = constrict

49
Q

Where is the alveoli found

A

at the ends of the bronchioles

50
Q

What does the alveoli wall consist of

A

single layer of epithelium

51
Q

Purpose of single layer of epithelium in alveolus walls

A

o Elastic fibres are located in the extracellular matrix

o Elastic fibres = cause recoil = helps move air out of alveoli

52
Q

Where does the trachea lead to and from

A

From mouth and nose to bronchi

53
Q

What is ventilation

A

mass flow of gases

54
Q

What is ventilation brought about by

A

pressure differences in the thoracic cavity

55
Q

What is the passage of air

A
  1. Nose / mouth
  2. Trachea (windpipe)
  3. Bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
  5. Alveoli
56
Q

What type of process is breathing in = mammals

A

Active

57
Q

How do mammals breath in

A
58
Q

Mechanism of breathing out = mammals

A
59
Q

When we talk about pressure in ventilation = mammals = what should we say

A

THORACIC PRESSURE

60
Q

What is vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out in one breath

= maximum amount of air that can be exchanged between maximum inspiration and maximum expiration

61
Q

What is tidal volume

A

volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal breathing (at rest) = in a single breathe

62
Q

What is breathing rate

A

number of breaths taken in one minute

63
Q

What counts as one breath

A

taking air in and breathing it back out again

64
Q

What is oxygen uptake

A

volume of oxygen used up by someone in a given time

65
Q

What is residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the alveoli + airways after forced exhalation

66
Q

Normal breathing rate of humans

A

12-18 breaths per minute

67
Q

Label this

A
68
Q

What is the process of using a spirometer

A

• The person (subject) being examined breathes in and out through the spirometer

• Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the exhaled air by soda lime in order to stop the concentration of carbon dioxide in the re-breathed air from getting too high = can cause respiratory distress

• As the subject breathes through the spirometer, a trace is drawn on a rotating drum of paper or a graph is formed digitally, which can be viewed on a computer

69
Q

How to measure oxygen uptake be measured

A

o Carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaled air, meaning that the total volume of air available in the spirometer gradually decreases, as oxygen is extracted from it by the subject’s breathing

o This change in volume is used as a measure of oxygen uptake

70
Q

Analyse this with the labels

  • exercise ends
  • exercise begins
  • maximum amount of air breathed out
  • at rest
  • return to rest
  • maximum amount of air taken in
  • tidal volume
  • residual volume
  • viral capacity
  • total lung capacity
A
71
Q

From the spirometer data in the image above, calculate the breathing rate during the first minute and then calculate the breathing rate during the second minute.

A

Step One: Count the number of breaths in the first 60 seconds.
- One breath is shown by the trace going up and then down, so there are 12 breaths in the first 60 seconds.

Step Two: Give appropriate units.
- Breathing rate should be given in breaths min⁻¹ (breaths per minute), so the breathing rate during the first minute = 12 breaths min⁻¹.

Step Three: Count the number of breaths in the second 60 seconds.
- There are 14 breaths in the second 60 seconds.

Step Four: Give appropriate units.
- The breathing rate during the second minute = 14 breaths min⁻¹.

72
Q

Calculate the tidal volume during rest and the peak tidal volume during exercise.

A

Step One: For the ‘at rest’ phase of the trace, measure the difference between the top and bottom of the trace in terms of the volume of air in the lungs.
- During rest, the tidal volume = 3 dm³ - 2.6 dm³
- = 0.4 dm³

Step Two: At the peak tidal volume during exercise, measure the difference between the top and bottom of the trace in terms of the volume of air in the lungs.

  • The peak tidal volume during exercise occurs right at the end of the exercise period (at around 100 seconds):
  • = 4.1 dm³ - 2.3 dm³
  • = 1.8 dm³
73
Q

Formula for ventilation rate

A

Ventilation rate = tidal volume X breathing rate

74
Q

How to calculate vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume = approx. 4 to 4.5 dm3 = peak to trough

75
Q

How to calculate breathing rate

A

peak to trough is one breath = count the number of peaks in a minute

76
Q

How to calculate oxygen consumption

A

air breathed into the spirometer has C02 removed by soda lime = volume of gas decreases = decrease is equivalent to oxygen consumption = LINE GRADIENT IS OXYGEN CONSUMPTION = gradient steeper in exercise

77
Q

What is ficks law

A
78
Q

How to double rate of diffusion

A
  1. surface area or concentration difference is doubled or
  2. thickness of the exchange membrane is halved.
79
Q

Features of the exchange system in insects

A
  • spiracle
  • trachea
  • tracheoles
80
Q

Why can’t insects just use simple diffusion through skim and why is this an advantage + disadvantage

A

• rigid exoskeleton with a waxy coating = impermeable to gases

o prevents water loss but also means no gas exchange

81
Q

What is a spiracle

A

opening in the exoskeleton of an insect which has valves

82
Q

Purpose of spiracle

A

o allows air to enter the insect and flow into the system of tracheae

83
Q

What are the trachea / tracheoles

A

tubes within the insect respiratory system which lead to tracheoles (narrower tubes)

84
Q

What di the trachea have in insects

A

o rigid rings of cartilage / chitin that keep the tracheae open

85
Q

Passage of air in insects

A

Spiracle = trachea = air sac = tracheoles = muscle cells

86
Q

For smaller insects is this okay

A

Yes = sufficient oxygen via diffusion

87
Q

How does the oxygen get from tracheoles to muscle cells

A

• Lactic acid / tracheal fluid– oxygen dissolves into this fluid, where it reaches individual cells to start simple diffusion / gas exchange

88
Q

When inactive, what happens to the fluid

A

tracheal fluid builds up at the bottom of the tracheoles, causing slower diffusion.

89
Q

When active, what happens to the fluid

A

muscles draw up tracheal fluid
• Faster diffusion

• Tracheal fluid being drawn up = less pressure = draws air from spiracles

90
Q

What’s the problem with larger insects + how do we fix this

A

• Need more rapid supply of oxygen = create mass flow of air = ventilation

91
Q

Expiration in insects

A

• muscles contract & flatten the body
• volume of the tracheal system decreases
• air is forced out

92
Q

Inspiration in insects

A

• Closing the spiracles
• Using abdominal muscles to create a pumping movement for ventilation

93
Q

Why do fish have a problem with gas exchange

A

• Oxygen dissolves less readily in water = must pass large volumes of water over their gas exchange systems relative to the volumes of air ventilated by land animals.

94
Q

Why is the gas exchange system effective in fish

A

very large surface area for gaseous exchange
o gills
2. A short diffusion distance across the gaseous exchange system
o very thin so that blood flowing through them is only a short distance from seawater
3. A high concentration gradient between the blood in the gills and the water passing over them
o Counter-current system

95
Q

Structure of fish gills in bony fish

A

gills = 4 = on each side of the head

• Each gill arch is attached to two stacks of filament

• On the surface of each filament, there are rows of lamellae

• The lamellae surface consists of a single layer of flattened cells that cover a vast network of capillaries

• lie between the mouth cavity and the opercular flaps

96
Q

What does the capillary system in the Lamellea do

A

ensures that the blood flow is in the opposite direction to the flow of water = counter-current system

97
Q

Purpose of counter current system

A

• ensures the concentration gradient is maintained along the whole length of the capillary

• The water with the lowest oxygen concentration is found adjacent to the most deoxygenated blood

98
Q

Describe the ventilation mechanism in fish

A

• When the fish open their mouth they lower the floor of the buccal cavity.

• causes the volume inside the buccal cavity to increase, which causes a decrease in pressure within the cavity

• The pressure is higher outside the mouth of the fish and so water flows into the buccal cavity

• The fish then raises the floor of the buccal cavity to close its mouth, increasing the pressure within the buccal cavity

• Water flows from the buccal cavity (high pressure) into the gill cavity (low pressure)

• As water enters pressure begins to build up in the gill cavity and causes the operculum (a flap of tissue covering the gills) to be forced open and water to exit the fish

• The operculum is pulled shut when the floor of the buccal cavity is lowered at the start of the next cycle

99
Q

Describe how insects take oxygen into their bodies

A

• Oxygen from the air diffuses into the insect’s body

• cavity through the spiracles and into long thin tubes

• called tracheae.

• The tracheae branch into smaller tubes called tracheoles that

• have an open ending inside the insect, filled with tracheal fluid.

• Oxygen diffuses into this fluid and into the insect’s cell

Biology - Module 3 (3 decks)

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