Chapter 7 - Environmental Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

shale gas

A

natural gas trapped deep underground in tiny bubbles dispersed throughout formations of shale, a type of sedimentary rock. shale gas is often extracted by hydraulic fracturing

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2
Q

hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking or fracking)

A

a process to extract shale gas in which a drill is sent deep underground and angled horizontally into a shale formation; water, sand, and chemicals are pumped in under great pressure, fracturing the rock; and gas migrates up through the drill pipe as sand holds the fracture open

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3
Q

policy

A

a rule or guideline that directs individual, organized, or silicate behavior

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4
Q

public policy

A

policy made by governments, including those at the local, state, federal, and international levels; it consists of legislation, regulation, order, incentives, and practices intended to advance societal welfare

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5
Q

environmental policy

A

public policy that pertains to human interactions with the environment. it generally aims to regulate, reduce use, or reduce pollution to promote human welfare and/or protect natural systems

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6
Q

tragedy of commons

A

the process by which publically accessible resources open to unregulated use tend to become damaged and depleted through overuse. coined by govett hordin and widely applicable to resource issues

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7
Q

free rider

A

a party that fails to invest in controlling pollution or carrying out other environmentally responsible activities and instead relies on the effects of other parties to do so. examples include a factory that fails to control its emissions gets a “free ride” from those that do

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8
Q

polluter-pays principle

A

principle specifying that the party responsible for producing pollution should pay the costs of cleaning up the pollution or mitigating its impacts

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9
Q

revolving door

A

the movement of powerful officials between the private sector and government agencies

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10
Q

vested interests

A

a direct interest (from an individual or interest group) in some condition or policy change due to the prospect for personal or financial benefits even if this counteracts the common good

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11
Q

legislation

A

salutary laws

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12
Q

regulatory taking

A

the deprivation of a properties owner, by means of law or regulation, of most or all economic uses of that property

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13
Q

national environmental policy (NEPA)

A

a u.s. law enacted on January 1, 1970, that created on agency called the council on environmental quality and required that an environmental impact statement be prepared for any major federal action

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14
Q

environmental impact statement (EIS)

A

a report of results from detailed studies that assess the potential effects on the environment that would likely result from development projects or other actions undertaken by the government

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15
Q

environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

an administrative agency charged with conducting and evaluating research, maintaining environmental quality, setting standards, enforcing those standards, assisting the states in meeting standards and goals for environmental protection, and educating the public

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16
Q

customary law

A

international law that arises from long-standing practices, or customs, held in common by most cultures

17
Q

conventional law

A

international law that arises from conventions, or treaties, that nations agree to enter into

18
Q

convention (treaty)

A

a treaty or binding agreement among national governments

19
Q

north american free trade agreement (NFTA)

A

a 1994 treaty among canada, mexico, and the u.s. that reduced or eliminated boundaries to trade (such as tariffs) among these nations. side agreements were negotiated to minimize the degree to which protections for workers and the environment were undermined

20
Q

united nations (U.N.)

A

organization founded in 1945 to promote international peace and to cooperate in solving international economic , social, cultural, and humanitarian problems

21
Q

world bank

A

institution founded in 1944 that serves as one of the globes largest sources of funding for economic development, including such major projects as dams, irrigation, infrastructure, and other undertakings

22
Q

world trade organization (WTO)

A

organization located in geneva, Switzerland, that represents multinational corporations and promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices

23
Q

European Union (EU)

A

poltical and economic organization ceated after WWII to promote Europes economic and social progress, as of 2013, the EU consisted of 27 member nations

24
Q

nongovernmental organization (NGO)

A

an organization not affliliated with any national government, ane frequently international in scope, that particular mission for a political cause

25
Q

command-and-control

A

a top down approach to policy, in which a legislative body or a regulating agency sets rates, standards, or limits and threatens punishment for violation of these limits

26
Q

interest group

A

a small group of people seeking private gain that may work against the larger public interest

27
Q

subsidy

A

a government grant of money or resources to a private entity, intended to support and promote an industry or activity

28
Q

green tax

A

a levy on environmentally harmful activity and products aimed at providing a market-based incentive to correct for market failure

29
Q

permit trading

A

the practice of buying and selling government-issued marketable emission permits to conduct environmentally harmful activities, under a cap-and-trade system, the government determines an acceptable level of pollution and then issues permits to pollute. a company receives credit for amounts it does not emit and can then sell the credit to other companies

30
Q

emission trading system

A

a permit trading system for emissions in which a government issues marketable emission permits to conduct environmentally harmful activities, under a cap-and-trade system, the government determines an acceptable level of pollution and then issues permits to pollute. a company receives credit for amounts it does not emit and can then sell the credit to other companies

31
Q

cap-and-trade

A

a permit trading system in which government determines an acceptable level of pollution and then issues parties permits to pollute. a company receives credit for amounts it does not emit and can then sell the credit to other companies