Chapter 7: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
This is the study of adverse effects of chemicals (poisons) on living organisms.
Toxicology
These type of chemicals are those that are not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside.
Xenobiotic
What organ is most vulnerable to environmental pollution?
Lungs
This environmental pollution is produced by automobile exhaust leading to smog. It can cause an increased risk of asthma or emphysema leading to increased inflammation and decreased function.
Ozone
These environmental pollutants are formed by burning fossil fuels and can be
Sulfur dioxide, particulates, and acid aerosols
This is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, non-irritating gas that is created due to incomplete oxidation of carbonaceous material. It can lead to CNS depression and lethal hypoxia.
Carbon monoxide
What is the most common indoor pollutant?
Tobacco smoke
This is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is formed by the radioactive decay of uranium in soil and can increase the risk of lung cancer, especially when combined with a previous lung condition or smoking.
Radon
These indoor pollutants are airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms.
Bioaerosols
What are the four most common metallic environmental pollutants?
Lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium
This metallic environmental pollutant is more likely to be absorbed by children and can cause irreversible CNS defects. Adults tend to experience reversible peripheral neuropathies as side effects.
Lead
This metallic environmental pollutant is very sensitive to the developing brain and bioaccumulates in neurons (blocks ion channels).
Mercury (methyl mercury)
Thimerosol (ethyl mercury): not as harmful
This condition may result from toxic exposure to mercury and can result in ataxia, numbness, deafness, blindness, or cerebral palsy.
Minamata disease
This metallic environmental pollutant interferes with oxidative phosphorylation and can cause characteristic skin reactions. Exposure may lead to an increased risk of skin/lung cancer.
Arsenic
This metallic environmental pollutant is found in some batteries and may damage lungs, kidneys, and bones. It is more of a modern problem.
Cadmium
This condition is a result of toxic exposure to cadmium and can result in bone loss and renal failure.
Itai-Itai disease
Benzene is an example of this industrial/agricultural toxin.
Organic solvents
Tar and soot are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Pesticide and DDT are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.
Organochlorines
This toxic substance can result in an increase in cardiovascular disorders. Various cancers may arise from its usage (lung, oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, pancreatic, and bladder).
Tobacco
This toxic substance may alter mood. In excess it can cause psychological and physical harm and can be absorbed, unaltered, in the stomach and small intestine.
Alcohol (ethanol/ethyl alcohol)
What metabolizes alcohol in the liver?
Cytochrome P-450
This condition results when there is a defective acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. It can result in flushing, tachycardia, and tachypnea. It affects 50% of Asians.
Alcohol Flush Reaction
Steatosis and cirrhosis are commonly associated with what type of alcoholism?
Chronic alcoholism
This syndrome is a result of chronic alcoholism. It is characterized by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, varying forms of amnesia, and confabulation (creation of fake memories).
Korsakoff syndrome
How many drinks per day can increase HDLs and inhibits clotting?
1 drink/day
This condition is a result of drinking in the 1st trimester and can result in permanent CNS damage, microcephaly, cognitive delays, and facial malformations.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by damage to the epidermis.
Abrasion
This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by blunt trauma, which may damage vessels and result in extravasation of blood.
Contusion (bruising)
This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by jagged borders and tears of tissue. Can be caused by a blunt object.
Laceration
This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by smooth borders at the site of tissue injury and usually caused by a sharp object.
Incision
This type of mechanical trauma is caused by a slender object that may or may not have an exit site.
- Puncture
- If there is an exit site it is characterized as a penetrating wound
This type of injury is caused by excessive heat or cold. The severity depends on the depth of damage, % of body surface affected, and internal damage (inhalation).
Thermal injury
What are some of the major health concerns of a thermal injury?
- Hypovolemic shock: >20% of surface is affected
- Sepsis, which leads to organ failure (most common is Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
1st and 2nd degree burns are characterized by pink skin, blisters, and is painful. What type of thickness are these characterized as?
Partial thickness
3rd and 4th degree burns are characterized by epidermal and dermal destruction. The skin is white/charred/dry and requires anesthetic to deal with. Necrosis and sepsis are big risks after this type of burn. What type of thickness are these characterized as?
Full-thickness
What type of tissue is typically formed as a 3rd or 4th degree burn is healing?
Scar/fibrous tissue
This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature (rectal) of >/=105.1 F. A progression from heat cramps, to heat exhaustion, and eventually to heat stroke commonly occurs.
Hyperthermia
This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature of <50), atrial fibrillation, and cellular chilling/freezing.
Hypothermia
This type of injury is caused by low/high voltages and can result in thermal burns, cardiorespiratory failure, or medullary paralysis.
Electrical injury
What determines the severity of electrical injury?
Amperage and pathway the electricity takes.
This is high energy radiation that is capable of liberating an electron and thereby creating an ionization cascade
Ionizing radiation
What is CT?
X-ray computed tomography
What factors determine the severity of ionizing radiation?
- Rate of delivery
- Field size (larger=worse)
- Tissues being targeted
- Radiolysis
- Vascular damage
This measures the dosage of ionizing radiation.
Dosimeter
What is the term used to describe a narrowing of the field size for ionizing radiation?
Collimation
What are some common consequences of ionizing radiation?
- Carcinogensis
- Fibrosis
What types of cells are the sensitive to ionizing radiation?
- Labile cells are the most sensitive
- Hematopoietic and lymphoid cells are sensitive as well
- Ocular lens (cataracts)
Are mature red blood cells radioresistant?
Yes
