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General Pathology > Chapter 7: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

This is the study of adverse effects of chemicals (poisons) on living organisms.

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

These type of chemicals are those that are not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside.

A

Xenobiotic

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3
Q

What organ is most vulnerable to environmental pollution?

A

Lungs

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4
Q

This environmental pollution is produced by automobile exhaust leading to smog. It can cause an increased risk of asthma or emphysema leading to increased inflammation and decreased function.

A

Ozone

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5
Q

These environmental pollutants are formed by burning fossil fuels and can be

A

Sulfur dioxide, particulates, and acid aerosols

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6
Q

This is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, non-irritating gas that is created due to incomplete oxidation of carbonaceous material. It can lead to CNS depression and lethal hypoxia.

A

Carbon monoxide

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7
Q

What is the most common indoor pollutant?

A

Tobacco smoke

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8
Q

This is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is formed by the radioactive decay of uranium in soil and can increase the risk of lung cancer, especially when combined with a previous lung condition or smoking.

A

Radon

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9
Q

These indoor pollutants are airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms.

A

Bioaerosols

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10
Q

What are the four most common metallic environmental pollutants?

A

Lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium

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11
Q

This metallic environmental pollutant is more likely to be absorbed by children and can cause irreversible CNS defects. Adults tend to experience reversible peripheral neuropathies as side effects.

A

Lead

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12
Q

This metallic environmental pollutant is very sensitive to the developing brain and bioaccumulates in neurons (blocks ion channels).

A

Mercury (methyl mercury)

Thimerosol (ethyl mercury): not as harmful

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13
Q

This condition may result from toxic exposure to mercury and can result in ataxia, numbness, deafness, blindness, or cerebral palsy.

A

Minamata disease

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14
Q

This metallic environmental pollutant interferes with oxidative phosphorylation and can cause characteristic skin reactions. Exposure may lead to an increased risk of skin/lung cancer.

A

Arsenic

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15
Q

This metallic environmental pollutant is found in some batteries and may damage lungs, kidneys, and bones. It is more of a modern problem.

A

Cadmium

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16
Q

This condition is a result of toxic exposure to cadmium and can result in bone loss and renal failure.

A

Itai-Itai disease

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17
Q

Benzene is an example of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

A

Organic solvents

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18
Q

Tar and soot are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

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19
Q

Pesticide and DDT are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

A

Organochlorines

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20
Q

This toxic substance can result in an increase in cardiovascular disorders. Various cancers may arise from its usage (lung, oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, pancreatic, and bladder).

A

Tobacco

21
Q

This toxic substance may alter mood. In excess it can cause psychological and physical harm and can be absorbed, unaltered, in the stomach and small intestine.

A

Alcohol (ethanol/ethyl alcohol)

22
Q

What metabolizes alcohol in the liver?

A

Cytochrome P-450

23
Q

This condition results when there is a defective acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. It can result in flushing, tachycardia, and tachypnea. It affects 50% of Asians.

A

Alcohol Flush Reaction

24
Q

Steatosis and cirrhosis are commonly associated with what type of alcoholism?

A

Chronic alcoholism

25
Q

This syndrome is a result of chronic alcoholism. It is characterized by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, varying forms of amnesia, and confabulation (creation of fake memories).

A

Korsakoff syndrome

26
Q

How many drinks per day can increase HDLs and inhibits clotting?

A

1 drink/day

27
Q

This condition is a result of drinking in the 1st trimester and can result in permanent CNS damage, microcephaly, cognitive delays, and facial malformations.

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

28
Q

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by damage to the epidermis.

A

Abrasion

29
Q

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by blunt trauma, which may damage vessels and result in extravasation of blood.

A

Contusion (bruising)

30
Q

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by jagged borders and tears of tissue. Can be caused by a blunt object.

A

Laceration

31
Q

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by smooth borders at the site of tissue injury and usually caused by a sharp object.

A

Incision

32
Q

This type of mechanical trauma is caused by a slender object that may or may not have an exit site.

A
  • Puncture

- If there is an exit site it is characterized as a penetrating wound

33
Q

This type of injury is caused by excessive heat or cold. The severity depends on the depth of damage, % of body surface affected, and internal damage (inhalation).

A

Thermal injury

34
Q

What are some of the major health concerns of a thermal injury?

A
  • Hypovolemic shock: >20% of surface is affected

- Sepsis, which leads to organ failure (most common is Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

35
Q

1st and 2nd degree burns are characterized by pink skin, blisters, and is painful. What type of thickness are these characterized as?

A

Partial thickness

36
Q

3rd and 4th degree burns are characterized by epidermal and dermal destruction. The skin is white/charred/dry and requires anesthetic to deal with. Necrosis and sepsis are big risks after this type of burn. What type of thickness are these characterized as?

A

Full-thickness

37
Q

What type of tissue is typically formed as a 3rd or 4th degree burn is healing?

A

Scar/fibrous tissue

38
Q

This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature (rectal) of >/=105.1 F. A progression from heat cramps, to heat exhaustion, and eventually to heat stroke commonly occurs.

A

Hyperthermia

39
Q

This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature of <50), atrial fibrillation, and cellular chilling/freezing.

A

Hypothermia

40
Q

This type of injury is caused by low/high voltages and can result in thermal burns, cardiorespiratory failure, or medullary paralysis.

A

Electrical injury

41
Q

What determines the severity of electrical injury?

A

Amperage and pathway the electricity takes.

42
Q

This is high energy radiation that is capable of liberating an electron and thereby creating an ionization cascade

A

Ionizing radiation

43
Q

What is CT?

A

X-ray computed tomography

44
Q

What factors determine the severity of ionizing radiation?

A
  • Rate of delivery
  • Field size (larger=worse)
  • Tissues being targeted
  • Radiolysis
  • Vascular damage
45
Q

This measures the dosage of ionizing radiation.

A

Dosimeter

46
Q

What is the term used to describe a narrowing of the field size for ionizing radiation?

A

Collimation

47
Q

What are some common consequences of ionizing radiation?

A
  • Carcinogensis

- Fibrosis

48
Q

What types of cells are the sensitive to ionizing radiation?

A
  • Labile cells are the most sensitive
  • Hematopoietic and lymphoid cells are sensitive as well
  • Ocular lens (cataracts)
49
Q

Are mature red blood cells radioresistant?

A

Yes

General Pathology (7 decks)

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