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ATTH 5100 > Chapter 7: Drugs To Treat Pain - Nonopioid Analgesics And Anesthetics > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Drugs To Treat Pain - Nonopioid Analgesics And Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain:

A

A subjective, unpleasant, sensory, and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or abnormal functioning of nerves

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2
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

Reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

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3
Q

Define neuropathic pain:

A

Pain that occurs after damage to the nervous system

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4
Q

Define dysfunctional pain.

A

Pain when there is no damage or inflammation

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5
Q

Define dysesthesia.

A

Shooting, burning pain

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6
Q

Define allodynia.

A

Hurting pain from a light touch

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7
Q

Name 5 conditions that can evoke dysfunctional pain.

A
  • fibromyalgia
  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • tension-type or chronic headache
  • temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease
  • complex regional pain syndrome
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8
Q

Give an example of a nonopioid analgesic drug.

A

Acetaminophen

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9
Q

What do NSAIDs stand for?

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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10
Q

Give an example of an NSAID.

A

Ibuprofin

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11
Q

Give an example of opioid drugs:

A
  • morphine
  • oxycodone
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12
Q

Define anesthetics.

A

Drugs that temporarily affect or eliminate sensation

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13
Q

Define analgesics.

A

Drugs that act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems to achieve relief from pain

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14
Q

What are the 3 steps of the WHO analgesic ladder for the oral administration of drugs?

A

Step 1: nonopioids (acetaminophen, NSAIDs). If pain persists or increases, move to step 2.
Step 2: low-potency opioids (codeine or hydrocodone with APAP). If pain persists or increases, move to step 3.
Step 3: high-potency opioids (morphine) until the patient is free of pain

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15
Q

Define adjuvants.

A

Additional drugs used to calm fears and anxiety

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16
Q

Name some common conditions that acetaminophen treats.

A
  • headache
  • muscle aches
  • arthritis
  • backache
  • toothaches
  • colds
  • fevers
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17
Q

Define antipyretic.

A

Drugs that reduce fever

18
Q

Describe the therapeutic effects of acetaminophen.

A
  • antipyretic
  • relatively little anti-inflammatory activity
  • treatment of headache
  • relief of pain in mild arthritis
19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of acetaminophen.

A
  • Pain relieving aspects are facilitated through inhibiting neurotransmitters in the CNS
  • antipyresis produced from inhibition of the hypothalamic heat-regulating centre
20
Q

What is the biggest difference between NSAIDs and acetaminophen?

A

Acetaminophen is not considered an anti-inflammatory medication

21
Q

Routes of administration for acetaminophen:

A
  • oral
  • IR or ER tablet
  • rectal
  • buccal
  • IV
22
Q

Onset of action, peak effect, duration, and half life of acetaminophen:

A
  • onset of action: <1 hr
  • peak effect: 1 hr
  • duration: 4-6 hr
  • half life: 1.5-3 hr
23
Q

What is the recommended max daily dose for acetaminophen? What is the recommended safe dose?

A
  • 4000 mg
  • 3250 mg/day
24
Q

What was the first local anesthetic?

A

Cocaine

25
Q

What is LAST?

A
  • local anesthetic systemic toxicity
  • a life-threatening adverse event that may occur after the administration of local anesthetic drugs through a variety of routes
26
Q

Describe the typical presentation of LAST.

A
  • perioral numbness
  • tinnitus
  • agitation
  • dysarthria
  • confusion
27
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of local anesthetics.

A

Act at the cell membrane to prevent the generation and conduction of nerve impulses

28
Q

Routes of administration for local anesthetics:

A
  • subcutaneously by injection
  • transdermally by patch
  • topically in creams, gels, and ointments
  • ophthalmic drops
29
Q

Indications for lidocaine transdermal patches:

A
  • neuropathic pain
  • post-herpetic neuralgia
  • moderate to severe pain secondary to acute, soft-tissue, and connective-tissue injuries
30
Q

Name some precautions for transdermal anesthetics or topical analgesics:

A
  • do not apply to skin that is cut or irritated.
  • do not apply to swollen skin areas.
  • avoid using medicine on skin that is raw or blistered.
  • do not use in patients with sensitivity to aspirin or salicylates
  • do not apply near eyes or mucous membranes
  • do not apply over large skin areas
  • do not apply heat to treated skin areas
  • use the smallest amount of medication needed
  • do not cover treated skin areas with a bandage or plastic wrap
31
Q

What form does Salonpas come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • transdermal patch, gel cream
  • methyl salicylate, menthol
32
Q

What form does Aspercreme come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • transdermal patch, cream, topical liquid solution
  • lidocaine 4%, trolamine salicylate, or menthol 10%
33
Q

What form does IcyHot come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • cream, balm, gel, spray, topical liquid solution, transdermal patch
  • methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor, lidocaine 4%
34
Q

What form does Flexall 454 come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • cream gel
  • methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor
35
Q

What form does Biofreeze come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • cream, gel
  • methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor
36
Q

What form does Salonpas Jet Spray come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • spray
  • methyl salicylate, menthol
37
Q

What form does Tiger Balm come in and what are the active ingredients in it?

A
  • counterirritant gel, cream, patch, ointment
  • capsaicin, camphor, menthol
38
Q

What are topical analgesics?

A

Medications that numb and reduce the sensation of pain in the area to which they are applied

39
Q

Topical analgesics may be applied to what areas?

A
  • skin
  • inside the mouth or throat
  • in the nose
  • in the eyes
40
Q

What is menthol?

A
  • fast acting, facilitates a reduction in blood flow
  • tingling sensation when applied to the skin by inhibiting the calcium channel involved in regulating the pain threshold
41
Q

What is capsaicin?

A
  • the active ingredient in chilli peppers that make them hot
  • used to relieve muscle or joint pain
  • causes a sensation of heat that activates certain nerve cells
  • used for temporary relief of muscle or joint pain caused by strains, sprains, arthritis, bruising, or backaches

ATTH 5100 (13 decks)

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