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Organ Histology Final 2016 > Chapter 7 Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system (8)?

A 
Mastication
Secretion
Hormone release
Motility
Ingestion
Absorption
Chemical distraction
Elimination of waste
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2
Q

What is included in the oral cavity?

A 
Tongue
Teeth
Minor and Major salivary glands
Tonsils
Lips
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3
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

A

Oral mucosa

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4
Q

How many types of oral mucosa are there?

A

Three: Masticatory Mucosa, Lining Mucosa, Specialized Mucosa

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5
Q

Where is the Masticatory Mucosa found?

A

Found on the Gingiva and Hard Palate

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6
Q

What is the Surface Epithelium for the Masticatory Mucosa?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Parakeratinized Stratified Squamous

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7
Q

What does the superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium keep?

A

Keeps their NUCLEI

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8
Q

How many layers of the Lamina Propria (LP) are in the Masticatory Mucosa?

A

2:
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer

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9
Q

What is the Papillary Layer made of and what does it have in it?

A

Made of: Thick loose CT

Has: BV (blood vessels), Nerves, Sensory receptors, ans some Meissner’s corpuscles

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10
Q

What is the Reticular Layer made of?

A

More dense CT

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11
Q

Where is the the Lining mucosa found?

A

Found on the Soft Palate, Underside of Tongue, Floor of Mouth, Cheeks, and Lips

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12
Q

What is the Surface Epithelium for the Lining Mucosa?

A

Generally: Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Occasionally: Parakeratinized Stratified Squamous

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13
Q

Where is the surface epithelium found on the Lining Mucosa? And what type of surface epithelium is it?

A

Lips, Vermillion border (reddish part)

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

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14
Q

What areas of the the surface epithelium is thicker?

A

The non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is thicken than the areas of keratinized stratified epithelium

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15
Q

What is the LP like in the Lining Mucosa?

A

loose CT with blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What is the Submucosa like in the Lining Mucosa?

A

More Dense CT

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17
Q

Where is the Submucosa found in the Lining Mucosa?

A

found in most places

can have minor salivary glands, sebaceous glands (corner of mouth), larger blood vessels and nerves too

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18
Q

Where is the Specialized Mucosa found?

A

Found on dorsal surface of tongue

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19
Q

What is the Surface Epithelium for the Specialized Mucosa?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous on Filiform Papillae

Stratified Squamous on all other Papillae

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20
Q

What are the general functions of the Specialized Mucosa?

A

Move food

Taste buds

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21
Q

What type of mucosa is on the tongue?

A

thicker dorsally, thinner and smoother posteriorly

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22
Q

What type of surface epithelium is on the tongue?

A

Specialized epithelium

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23
Q

what does the surface epithelium include on the tongue?

A

filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate (circumcallate) Papillae

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24
Q

What are small salivary von Ebner glands associated with?

A

Vallate Papillae

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25
Q

What is the function of the Vallate Papillae?

A

Produce serous fluid to CLEANSE THE TASTE BUDS on these papillae

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26
Q

What papillae do not have taste buds associated with them?

A

filiform papilae

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27
Q

What is the LP like on the tongue?

A

Loose CT; adipose possible

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28
Q

Submucosa of the tongue is considered?

A

present on the tongue; adipose possible

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29
Q

What is contained in the Submucosa on the tongue?

A

contains LINGUAL salivary glands; these produce the same products as the major salivary glands

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30
Q

What are the tongue muscles considered?

A

Intrinsic Tongue muscles; are skeletal muscles

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31
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

change the shape of the tongue

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32
Q

What are the four alterating muscles? how are the arranged?

A

Superior longitudinal muscle
Vertical muscle alternating with Tranverse Muscles
Inferior longitudinal muscles
arrangmetn from dorsal to posterior within the tongue

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33
Q

What is the tooth formation structure made of?

A

Cells and tissues

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34
Q

Name the layers from outside to inside of a developing tooth before eruption through the gingiva.

A 
Ameloblast
Enamel
Dentin
Predentin
Odontoblast
Dental Papilla
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35
Q

What is a ameloblast?

A

Polarized columnar cells

lose following tooth eruption

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36
Q

What is the function of a ameoloblast?

A

produces enamel

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37
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body that is 2mm thick?

A

Enamel

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38
Q

What is enamel made of?

A

interlinked enamel rods (96% hydroxyapatite)

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39
Q

What is harder then bone?

A

Dentin

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40
Q

What does Dentin contain?

A

contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of Odontoid blast

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41
Q

What is the percentage of hyrdroxyapatite in Dentin?

A

70%

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42
Q

What is the percursor to dentin before mineralization?

A

Predentin

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43
Q

What is Odontoblast made of?

A

Columnar cells lining pulp cavity

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44
Q

What survives in adults?

A

Odontoblasts

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45
Q

What is the function of Odontoblast?

A

repair and produce dentin

also maintains dentin

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46
Q

What is dental papilla or dental pulp made of?

A

CT with many blood vessels and nerves
(extensive inflammation)
Meloblast?

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47
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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48
Q

What is the largest salivary gland that produces only 30% of the total salivary output?

A

Parotid

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49
Q

What is a smaller gland but produces 60% of the total salivary output?

A

Submandibular

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50
Q

What is the smallest gland and produces 5% of the total salivary output?

A

Sublingual

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51
Q

What gland is most affected by mumps and the facial nerve passes thru this glang?

A

Parotid

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52
Q

What gland has a possible fatty infiltration by midlife?

A

Submandibular

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53
Q

What gland as one ages commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose?

A

HAHA your all thrown off…

Parotid

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54
Q

What gland is 100% serous producing?

A

Parotid

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55
Q

What are the products produced by the parotid gland?

A

salivary amylase (function to begin break down of carbs)
lysosomes
Sec. IgA

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56
Q

What gland is mostly reb but with some white nuclei?

A

Submandibular

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57
Q

What is a mixed glan that produces mucus and is 80-90% serous producing?

A

Submandibular

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58
Q

What gland has serous demilunes?

A

Submandibular

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59
Q

What gland is a mixed gland producing 80% mucus and is also serous producing?

A

Sublingual

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60
Q

What gland has all serous products coming from serous demilunes with no separation of serous acini?

A

Sublingual

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61
Q

What does the luminal wall of the salivary gland consist of?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa or Adventia

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62
Q

What does the mucosa include?

A

surface epithelium
LP: loose CT
Muscularis Mucosae: Smooth muscle

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63
Q

What does the LP in the mucosa consist of?

A

Loose CT

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64
Q

What does the Muscularis mucosae in the mucosa consist of?

A

Smooth Muscle

65
Q

What does the submucosa include?

A

More dense CT
Large BV
Submucosal (meissner) plexus

66
Q

What is the function of the Submucosal plexus?

A

function influence of mucosa

67
Q

What does the muscularis externa include?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
Typically Smooth Muscle
Typically fiber orientation: inner circular and outer longitudinal =normal pattern

68
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric plexus?

A

function influence ME

69
Q

What is the ME made of?

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

What is the typical fiber orientation?

A

Inner circular
Outer Longitudinal
(this is normal pattern)

71
Q

What is the Serosa or Adventia next to?

A

next to ME

72
Q

The edge of simple squamous epithelium and can include some CT is what?

A

Serosa

73
Q

What is Adventia made of?

A

CT

74
Q

What is teh function of Serosa?

A

Serous producing

75
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

transfer the bolus to stomach from the oropharnyx

76
Q

What are the layers of luminal wall in the esophagus?

A 
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia/Serosa
Esophageal Spincters
77
Q

What is the type of surface epithelium in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratifies squamous

78
Q

What does the mucosa of the esophagus contain?

A

contains langerhan cells: an APA with some phagocytosis possible (gives immunity for food alergys)

79
Q

What type of tissue is in the LP of the esophagus?

A

Loose areolar CT

80
Q

What can the LP of the esophagus have?

A

Esophageal cardiac glands

81
Q

Where are the esophageal cardiac glands of the enough found near?

A

Found near the cardiac portion of the stomach and sometimes by the pharnyx
Always in LP

82
Q

What’s the function of the esophageal cardiac glands?

A

Produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium

83
Q

What are the two regions the LP in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Often near the pharnyx -1inch (sometimes)

Near stomach- last inch (always)

84
Q

What is the muscular is mucosae of the mucosa of the espionage?

A

Discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

85
Q

What is the type of tissue the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

Dense fibroelastic in CT

86
Q

What does the submucosa of the esophagus contain?

A

Esophageal glands proper that are scattered along length

87
Q

What is the function of the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

Produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

88
Q

What is the Muscularis Externa of the esophagus pattern?

A

Normal patten inner circular and outer longitudinal layers (like the pharynx skeletal muscle)

89
Q

What is the Muscularis Externa of the esophagus upper, middle, and lower portions consist of?

A

Upper 1/3: all skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3: mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3: all smooth muscle

90
Q

Explain the adventitia/ serosa of the esophagus layer.

A

Primarily adventitia except the last 1-2inch

Last 1-2 inches after the diaphragm is serosa

91
Q

What are the two esophageal associated sphincters?

A

Two Physiological Sphincters:
Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter
Gastroesophageal Sphincter

92
Q

Where is the Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter located?

A

between oropharynx and esophagus

93
Q

Where is the Gastroesophageal Sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter) located?

A

Between esophagus and stomach: prone to problems; abrupt change

Associated Esophageal reflux

94
Q

What does the lower esophageal sphincter control?

A

Four complimentary forces:
Diaphragm contraction
Greater intra-abdominal pressure than intragastric pressure being exerted upon the abdominal part of the esophagus
Peristalsis
Maintenance of correct anatomical arrangments of structures

95
Q

What are the characteristics for physiological sphincters?

A

no thickening of circular muscle in ME
pressure gradient aids movement
(muscle contractions and gravity help)

96
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Continue digestion of carbs
Storage (primary function)
Nutrient breakdown chemical and physical

97
Q

These parts are part of what?
Concave Lesser Curvature
Convew Greater Curvature
Cardia: narrow region by gastrophageal sphincter
Fundus: domed region often filled with gas
Body (corpus): largest portion
Pylorus: constricted portion by pyloric sphincter
Rugae: longitudinal folds which allow for distention
Gastric Pits: tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface; 1 pit leads to more than one gland

A

Stomach

98
Q

What is the luminal wall structure of the stomach?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

99
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the Mucosa of the stomach?

A

Stratified columnar

100
Q

What are the cells of the Mucosa of the stomach?

A 
Surfae Mucous (=surface lining) line stomach
Regenerative cells- bases of pits
101
Q

What is the function of the cells of the Mucosa of the Stomach?

A

Produce thick visible mucus

Secrete bicarbonate ions

102
Q

What is the LP of the stomach composed of?

A

loose, vascular Ct present in small amounts between glands

103
Q

What is the Muscularis Mucosae of the stomach composed of? and what is the layers order?

A

Smooth muscel layer that is often arranged in three layers (thin but developed)
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outermost circular/oblique

104
Q

What is special about the Submucosa of the stomach?

A

highly vascular

105
Q

What is the location of the Submucosa of the stomach?

A

Location of AVA= arteriovenous anastomosis

106
Q

What is the function of the submucosa of the stomach?

A

to shut down activity and secretion FAST

107
Q

Where is the submucosal (meissners) plexus located in the stomach?

A

often next to inner circular layer of muscle

108
Q

What is the function of the Submucosal Plexus in the stomach?

A

to influence the ……………

IE: secretion, blood flow, any limited muscle contractions

109
Q

How many muscular layers are possible in the ME of the stomach? and where at?

A

three layers are possible: especially between cardiac region and greater curvature; all smooth muscle

  1. innermost oblique:sometimes
  2. middle circular: well developed
  3. outer longitudinal: thin
110
Q

What type of pattern is in the ME of the stomach?

A

Normal pattern other locations: Inner circular and Outer longitudinal

111
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbachs) plexus in the stomach?

A

between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle

112
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric (Auerbachs) plexus in the stomach?

A

to stimulate the ME

113
Q

The serosa of the stomach…

A

ALL

114
Q

What are the Basic three regions of the stomach?(gastric histology)

A

Cardiac
Gastric includes Fundus and body
Pyloric

115
Q

What isthe cardiac region of the stomach like?

A

Shorter pigs which lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base

116
Q

What are the cells like in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

Primarily surface mucous, some neck mucous, and a few DNES and Parietal cells
NO CHIEF CELLS

117
Q

What’s special about the cardiac region?

A

Smallest region and obtain much mucus

118
Q

What types of glands does the gastric region of the stomach have? Where does it go into?

A

Gastric glands: extends from gastric pit to MM

119
Q

What are the regions of the gastric gland? (Zymogenic Gland)

A

Isthmus
Neck
Base

120
Q

What types of cells does the isthmus of the gastric gland of the stomach have?

A

Surface mucus

DNES cells

121
Q

What does surface mucus of the isthmus of the stomach produce? How long lived?

A

Produces thick visible mucus that Traps bicarbonate ions

Lives 3-5 days

122
Q

What is the function of the cells in the isthmus of the gastric gland of the stomach?

A

To protect mucosa from auto digestion and the tougher components of chyme

123
Q

What is an example of DNES cells in the isthmus of the stomach?

A 
Very few DNES cells aka enteroendocrine cells 
Examples DNES cells in the stomach:
Type D
Type EC
Type G********
124
Q

What does type D DNES cells do?

A

Produces somatostatin inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells and HCL release

125
Q

What does type EC DNES cells do?

A

Produces serotonin and substance P: increases gut motility

126
Q

What does type G**DNES cells do?

A

Produces GASTRIN stimulates HCL and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in the body of stomach

127
Q

What are the four types of neck cells?

A

Neck mucous
Regenerative
Parietal (oxynitic)
DNES

128
Q

What type of neck cell produces a soluble, less alkaline mucus? How long does it live?

A

Neck mucous cells

Lives 6 days

129
Q

What type of neck cell function is to lubricate gastric contents?

A

Neck mucous cells

130
Q

What type of neck cell is to replace all cell types?

A

Regenerative cells

131
Q

What type of neck cell lives 150-200 days and is odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi?

A

Parietal (oxynitic) cells

132
Q

What type of neck cell produces very strong HCL made at .8 pH snd buffered immediately to 1-2 pH

A

Parietal cells

133
Q

This neck cell (parietal cells) has gastric intrinsic factor and what is its function?

A

Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption

134
Q

How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia?

A

Low number of parietal cells can lead to Leaving Soon. Amounts of intrinsic which will decrease vitamin B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation

135
Q

What are the three types of base cells?

A

Chief (zymogenic)
Parietal
DNES

136
Q

What does the chief cell produce in the base? (2) How long does it live?

A

Produces:
Primarily pepsinogen to break down proteins
Some gastric lipase to break down fats

Lives 60-90 days

137
Q

Are there a lot of parietal cells in the base?

A

Nope

138
Q

How long to DNES cells live in the base?

A

60-90 days

139
Q

What does the pyloric region have?

A

Deeper pits very twisted and branched pyloric glands

Cells

140
Q

What are the cells in the pyloric region?

A

Primarily surface mucus DNES and parietal cells; some neck mucous cells that also produce some lysosomes

141
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

The anatomical sphincter between the pyloric of the stomach and the duodenum

142
Q

What’s the characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A

Well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME

Inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled

143
Q

What are the general functions of the Small intestine?

A

Digestion
Absorb nutrients
Produce Intestinal Horomones- using DNEs cells

144
Q

What are the three surface adaptations that increase surface area by a factor of 400 plus?

A

Plicae Circulares
Villi
Microvilli

145
Q

What are Plicae Circulares?

A

(valves of Kerckring) permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa; found throughout duodenum, jejunum, and proximal illeum

146
Q

What are microvilli?

A

found on the luminal wall surface

147
Q

What are the intestinal wall layers?

A

Mucosa
Sunmucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa/ Adventia

148
Q

What is the surface epithelium in the mucosa of the SI?

A

Simple Columnar

149
Q

What are the cells types in the mucosa of the SI?

A 
Surface absorptive= enterocytes
Goblet
DNES: Type I, K, S
Regenerative
Paneth
M (microfold)
150
Q

What are the main functions of the surface absorptive (enterocytes) in the mucosa of the SI?

A

Contains microvilli
Functions:
-absorb water and nutrients
-terminal digestion in glycocalyx (molecular coating): cells produce the enzymes and absorb the monosaccharides and peptides created

151
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells in the mucosa of the SI?

A

fewest in duodenum and most in ileum

152
Q

How many DNEs cells are in the mucosa of the SI?

A

11 types

153
Q

What is the function of DNES type I in the mucosa of the SI?

A

produces CCK: stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini

154
Q

What is the function of DNES type K in the mucosa of the SI?

A

produces GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide): inhibits HCL release

155
Q

What is the function of DNES type S in the mucosa of the SI?

A

produces Secretin: stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts; will also inhibit HCL release and the movement of chyme into the SI

156
Q

Where are regenerative cell in the mucosa of the SI? how long do they live?

A

live 5-7 days

found in crypts

157
Q

Where are paneth cells in the mucosa of the SI? how long do they live? What is the function?

A

Found bases of the crypts (intestinal glands)
long lived 20 days
produce lysosomes

158
Q

Where are M (microfold) cells in the mucosa of the SI? What is the function?

A

Located????
Cell structure large intracellular pockets that are fairly open to the LP; M cells samle foreign antigens in gut lumen and transfer antigens to lyphocytes and dendritic cells that have entered the M cell pockets
Function: promote humoral immunity
>results in plasma cells producing IgA which is then tranferred to enterocytes epithelial cells and released into gut lumen
>important in maintaining appropriate gut flora

Organ Histology Final 2016 (1 decks)

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