Chapter 7: CogDev: An information Processing Perspective Flashcards
adaptive strategy choice model
Siegler’s model to describe how
strategies change over time; the
view that multiple strategies exist
within a child’s cognitive repertoire at any one time, with these strategies competing with one another for use.
By the mid-elementary school years, children use strategies consistently, and performance improves.
Effective strategy use
one’s existing information about a topic or content area.
Knowledge Base
the effective use of memory strategies
mnemonics
rehearsal
a memory strategy repeating the information to yourself
Phonological awareness
the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language
a special form of episodic memory that permits them to predict what might happen on future similar occasions.
scripts
a lack of memory for the early
years of one’s life.
infantile amnesia
fuzzy-trace theory
a theory proposed by Brainerd and
Reyna that postulates that people
encode experiences on a continuum from literal, verbatim traces to fuzzy, gistlike traces
a recollection that is not prompted by specific cues or prompts.
Free recall
order relationships between quantities
ordinality
Script
a general representation of the typical sequencing of events (i.e., what occurs and when) in some familiar context.
what is inhibition?
the ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli.
two developmental approaches to information processing.
1.) Case’s Neo-Piagetian Theory
2.) Siegler’s model of strategy choice
reasoning that involves using something one knows already to help reason about something not known yet.
analogical reasoning
gist
a fuzzy representation of information that preserves the central content but few precise details.
Episodic Memory
recollections of personally experienced events that occurred at a specific time and place
awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought
metacognition
the set of cognitive operations and strategies necessary for self-initiated, purposeful behavior in relatively novel, challenging situations
Executive function
Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
Emergent literacy
The functions of the central executive
- Conscious part of the mind
- coordinates incoming information in the system
- controls attention
- selects, applies, and monitors the effectiveness of strategies
deliberate mental operations we use to increase the likelihood of retaining information in working memory and transferring it to our long-term knowledge base.
Memory Strategies
thinking and thought processes of
which we are consciously aware.
explicit cognition
is the overall supervisor of the cognitive system
central executive
the principle specifying that
the last number in a counting
sequence specifies the number
of items in a set
cardinality
A transitional period of strategy development, in which children use a strategy although it does not facilitate their task performances, is referred to as a
Utilization deficiency
adaptive strategy choice model
Siegler’s model to describe how
strategies change over time; the
view that multiple strategies exist
within a child’s cognitive repertoire at any one time, with these strategies competing with one another for use.
a recollection that is prompted by a cue associated with the setting in which the recalled event originally occurred
Cued Recall
made up of representations of one-time events that are long-lasting because they are imbued with personal meaning
Autobiographical memory
three ways to retrieve information
recognition, recall, and reconstruction.
A strategy that concerns grouping related items
organization
Three factors contribute to cognitive change:
1.) Brain development.
2.) Practice with schemes and automization
2.) Formation of central conceptual structures
uses Piaget’s theory as a starting point, recasting his stage sequence in information-processing terms to construct an overall vision of cognitive development.
Case’s neo-Piagetian Theory
Sieger’s Model of Strategy choice
uses an evolutionary metaphor— “natural selection”—to help us understand cognitive change.
Information is recoded while it is in the system or being retrieved.
Reconstruction
continually monitoring and controlling progress toward a goal- planning, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts.
cognitive self-regulation
many understandings appear in specific situations at different times rather than being mastered all at once.
continuum of acquisition
a particular subset of executive functions, are usually defined as deliberately implemented, goal-directed operations used to aid task performance
Strategies
highlights children’s experimentation with and selection of mental strategies to account for the diversity and ever-changing nature of children’s cognition.
Siegler’s model of strategy choice
a strategy for remembering that involves grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful (or manageable) clusters that are easier to retain
Organization
involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
argued that from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form
whole-language approach
thought that occurs without
awareness that one is thinking.
implicit cognition
often referred to as short-term memory
basic capacity
A coherent understanding of people as mental beings
theory of mind
Recall
generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus.
three strategies that enhance memory for new information
rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.
Children 6-7 years old execute strategies consistently, but their performance either does not improve or improves less than that of older children.
Utilization Deficiency
a failure to benefit from effective
strategies that one has spontaneously produced; thought to occur in the early phases of strategy acquisition when executing the strategy requires much mental
effort.
Utilization deficiency
What are the three processing units
(or stores) in the store model
1.) Sensory store (sensori register)
2.) short-term memory store
3.) long-term memory store
Elaboration is a memory strategy concerning?
It involves creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category.
Automatic processes
are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while simultaneously performing them.
one’s knowledge about memory
and memory processes
metamemory
long-term store (LTS) is what?
the third information-processing store, in which information that has been examined and interpreted is permanently stored for
future use.
the processes involved in planning and monitoring what you attend to
and what you do with this input
Executive Control Processes
Our vast, taxonomically organized, and hierarchically structured general knowledge system.
Semantic memory
a particular type of problem
solving that involves making
inferences.
reasoning
Children have difficulty controlling, or executing, strategies effectively.
Control Deficiency
two types of episodic memory:
(1) memory for recurring events
(2) memory for significant one-time events that children integrate into their personal life stories.
believing that children should first be coached on phonics—the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
phonics approach
a strategy for remembering that
involves repeating the items one
is trying to retain.
Rehearsal
a failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory
Production deficiency
How do children acquire selective, adaptable attention?
inhibition and attentional strategies
A strategy that concerns grouping related items
organization
a class of strategies aimed at
getting information out of the
long-term store.
retrieval
this is also known as working memory
short-term memory store
Also known as “mental workspace”
Working Memory
Memory Span
a general measure of the amount of information that can be held in the short-term store
Children 6-7 years old execute strategies consistently, but their performance either does not improve or improves less than that of older children.
Utilization Deficiency
Metacognition
one’s knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities
short-term, or working, memory has two functions
(1) to store information temporarily so that (2) we can do something with it.
young children remember familiar experiences in terms of…?
scripts
- Recognition
o Noticing that a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced.
o It is the simplest form of retrieval
central conceptual structures
networks of concepts and relations that permit them to think about a wide range of situations in more advanced ways.
reveals that young children understand a great deal about written language before they read and write in conventional ways
Emergent literacy
the capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity
Attention span
the capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity
Attention span
what is short-term memory store?
the second information-processing store, in which stimuli are retained for several seconds and
operated on (also called working memory).
what is sensory store?
the first information-processing store, in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing.
Recall
generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus.
involves thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating attention accordingly to reach a goal.
Planning
