Chapter 7 - Classification and Biodiversity Flashcards
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram showing descent, with living organisms at the tips of the branches and ancestral species in the branches and trunk, with branch points representing common ancestors. The lengths of branches indicate the time between branch points.
What does Phylogenetic refer to?
Reflecting evolutionary relatedness.
What is a Hierarchy?
A system of ranking in which small groups are nested components of larger groups.
What are the stages of the hierarchy of biological classification?
- Kingdom.
- Phylum.
- Class.
- Order.
- Family.
- Genus.
- Species.
What are the 3 domains?
- Eubacteria (Common bacteria).
- Archaea (Bacteria with unusual metabolism and live in extreme conditions).
- Eukaryota (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi & Protoctista).
What are the 5 kingdoms?
- Animalia.
- Plantae.
- Fungi.
- Protoctista.
- Prokaryota.
What’s the difference between a Homologous structure and a Analogous structure?
Homologus - Structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor.
Analogous - Have a corresponding function and similar shape, but have a different developmental origin.
What is the difference between Divergent evolution and Convergent evolution?
Divergent - The development of different structures over long periods of time, from the equivalent structures in related organisms.
Convergent - Development of similar features in unrelated organisms, related to natural selection of similar features in a common environment.
What are the 4 ways relatedness can be assessed using genetic evidence?
- DNA sequences (More closely related species show more similarity in their DNA base sequences).
- DNA hybridisation (DNA hybridise together where complementary base sequences are found).
- Amino acid sequence (AA sequence determined by DNA base sequence).
- Immunology (If you mix antigens of one species with specific antibodies of another, they’ll make a precipitate).
What is the definition of a species?
A group of organisms that can interbreed in a natural environment to produce fertile offspring.
What is taxonomy?
The identification and naming of organisms.
Where are the highest and lowest areas of biodiversity?
Highest - Coral reefs and rainforests.
Lowest - Deserts and the poles.
What are the 3 main reasons that biodiversity fluctuates?
- Succession.
- Natural selection.
- Human influence.
What are the 6 stages of natural selection?
- Mutation.
- Variation.
- Competitive advantage.
- Survival of the fittest.
- Reproduction.
- Pass advantageous alleles to offspring.
What are the 3 types of adaptive traits?
- Anatomical traits, E.g. sharks streamlined bodies.
- Physiological traits, E.g. hibernation.
- Behavioural traits, E.g. mating rituals.
