Chapter 7 ~ Cellular Respiration And Fermentation

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

A set of chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life (energy production, nutrient processing, waste elimination, regulation of cellular processes, biosynthesis)

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

A set of metabolic processes that involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler once which releases energy in the process (energy release, substrate breakdown, oxidation reactions, a crucial part in metabolism)

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

A set of metabolic processes in which the body builds complex molecules from simpler ones (opp. To catabolism) and requires energy input (energy consumption, synthesis of complex molecules, growth and repair, photosynthesis)

Question 4

Redox Reaction

Answer 4

A transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

Question 5

Oxidation

Answer 5

The loss of electrons from one substance

Question 6

Reduction

Answer 6

The addition of electrons to another substrate (adding electrons is reducing since it makes an atom more negative)

Question 7

Functions of ATP in the cell

Answer 7

Energy storage and transfer
Cellular work
Enzyme activation
Active transport
Synthesis of biomolecules
Muscle contraction
Nerve signal transmission
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Phosphorylation
DNA replication and repair

Question 8

Aerobic respiration

Answer 8

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel

Question 9

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

Other substances as reactants for cellular respiration without the need of oxygen

Question 10

Fermentation

Answer 10

Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen

Question 11

What organisms use fermentation?

Answer 11

Yeast, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, propionic acid bacteria, bacillus, clostridium, various bacterial species

Question 12

Products of fermentation

Answer 12

Two molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP, NAD+

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

Where in the cell: cytoplasm

• glucose is split into three C sugars, is oxidized, and 2 molecules of pyruvate are created
• energy investment phase: cell spends ATP
• energy payoff phase: ATP is produced, NAD+ reduced to NADH

Products: Pyruvate, 2 ATP, NADH, & H2O

Question 14

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 14

Other name(s): Krebs Cycle , tricarboxylic acid (TCA)

where in the cell: mitochondria

• pyruvate undergoes enzymatic rxns and becomes acetyl CoA

Products: 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 2 CO2 {per glucose}

Question 15

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 15

Where in the cell: mitochondria

• produces the most ATP
• NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons here
• protein complexes, electron transfer, water formation

Products: 30 - 32 ATP molecules

Question 16

ATP synthase

Answer 16

The enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (works like an ion pump in reverse: uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis)

Question 17

Chemiosmosis

Answer 17

The process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP