Chapter 7: Cell Respiration Flashcards
What does ATP consist of?
adenosine (adenine + ribose) and 3 phosphates
How does ATP convert into ADP?
1 phosphate is removed, bringing the energy state down
What are the layers of a mitochonrion?
Outer membrane
Inner **cristae **membrane (ETC)
Matrix (Krebs Cycle)
What is glycolysis?
breaks 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
occurs in cytoplasm
net gain of 2 ATP
Explain anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis → alcohol fermentation/lactic acid fermentation
oxygen is **not **present
What is alcohol fermentaion?
Pyruvic acid → ethanol + CO2
What is lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvic acid → lactic acid
body cannot keep up with the increased demand for O2
builds up in muscles
causes fatigue and burning
Explain aerobic respiration
glycolysis → krebs cycle → electron transport chain
oxygen is present
Explain the Krebs Cycle
pyruvic acid + coensyme A → Acetyle-CoA
Each turn: 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH made
CO2 produced as a by-product
FADH2 and NADH shuttle protons and electrons to ETC
What does the electron transport chain do?
creates a gradient across the cristae membrane
What happens in the proton gradient?
produced by ETC
FADH2 and NADH carry high-energy electrons to ETC
electrons release energy that is used to pump protons cross cristae membrane
represents stroed or potential energy
What happens in chemiosmosis?
uses stored energy for proton gradient to convert ADP to ATP
What is ATP synthase?
part of chemiosmosis
a proton channel structure
protons go in and turns/attaches phosphates to ADP molecules
What does oxygen do during chemiosmosis?
- Pulls electrons through ETC
- Acts as final electron and proton acceptor
- combines with protons and electrons to form water
What are the proton carriers? How many ATP do they each produce?
NAT → 3 ATP
FAD **→ **2 ATP
