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BIOLOGY 110 > Chapter 7 - cell cycles > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - cell cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell growth and division important for?

A
  • Increasing population size (single-celled organisms)
  • Growing new tissues (e.g. new leaves during plant development)
  • Asexual reproduction (bacteria, fungi, corals, many others)
  • Replacement of lost cells (lining of gut) and/or damaged cells (wound repair)
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2
Q

what is binary fission ?

A
  • Involves coordinated cytoplasmic growth, DNA replication, and cell division
  • Results in two daughter cells from an original single parent cell
  • DNA replication occupies most of the cell cycle in rapidly dividing prokaryotic cells
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3
Q

what is The Bacterial Cell Cycle?

A

Replication of the bacterial chromosome
consumes most of the time in the cell cycle

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4
Q

where does the bacterial cycle begin?

A

single site called the origin of replication (ori) through reactions catalyzed by enzymes located in the middle of the cell

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5
Q

Mitotic Cell Division

A

Eukaryotes : Genome: multiple, large, linear chromosomes , DNA in nucleus
Prokaryotes : Genome: one small, circular chromosome ,
DNA in cytoplasm

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6
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

A period of growth followed by nuclear division and cytokinesis

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7
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

divides replicated DNA equally and precisely
* Ensures the two cells resulting from a cell division have the same genetic information as the parent cell entering division

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8
Q

Mitosis is the basis for ?

A
  • Growth and maintenance of body mass in multicellular
    eukaryotes
  • The reproduction of many single-celled eukaryotes
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9
Q

how is the DNA of eukaryotic cells divided?

A

divided among individual, linear chromosomes

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10
Q

number of chromosome sets of a cell or species is called

A

Ploidy

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11
Q

Haploid

A

a cell with one complete set of chromosomes

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12
Q

Diploid

A

a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes

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13
Q

what are sister chromatids ?

A

Replication of DNA of each individual chromosome
creates two identical molecules

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14
Q

Chromosome segregation

A

Equal distribution of daughter chromosomes to each of two cells resulting from cell division

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15
Q

phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

interphase , prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telo phase

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16
Q

what is interphase?

A

is the first stage of the cell cycle; it begins immediately
after mitosis (& cytokinesis) and continues until the beginning of the next mitosis

17
Q

three phases of interphase

A
  1. G1 phase: The cell carries out its function(s), and in
    some cases grows, during this initial “gap” phase
  2. S phase: DNA replication and chromosome
    duplication occur
  3. G2 phase: A second “gap” in the cell cycle when cell
    growth continues and the cell prepares for mitosis
    and cytokinesis
18
Q

mitotic cell cycle :

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

19
Q

Stage 1: Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense into compact, rod-like structures
  • Spindle forms in the cytoplasm
20
Q

Stage 2: Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Spindle enters former nuclear area
  • Microtubules from opposite spindle poles attach to two kinetochores of each chromosome
21
Q

Stage 3: Metaphase

A
  • Spindle is fully formed
  • Chromosomes align at spindle midpoint
    * Moved by spindle microtubules
22
Q

Stage 4: Anaphase

A
  • Spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite spindle poles
  • Chromosome segregation is complete
23
Q

Stage 5: Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes decondense
    • Return to extended state typical of interphase
  • New nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
24
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm between daughter cells

25
Q

Cytokinesis in animals

A
  • proceeds by furrowing
  • Band of microfilaments forms just inside the plasma membrane, forming belt
  • Microfilaments slide together and tighten band, constricting cell and forming furrow in plasma membrane
  • Gradually separates cytoplasm into two parts
26
Q

plant cytokinesis

A
  • Cell wall material is deposited along the plane of former spindle midpoint
  • Deposition continues until continuous new wall (cell plate) separates daughter cells
27
Q

centrosomes

A

contain a pair of centrioles that divide and move
apart

28
Q

Microtubules

A

radiate outwards from centrosomes to form the
spindle

29
Q

Plant cells do not contain centrosomes. true or false

A

TRUEEEEE

30
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Connect chromosomes to spindle poles

31
Q

Nonkinetochore microtubules

A
  • Extend between spindle poles without connecting to
    chromosomes
  • At spindle midpoint, microtubules from one pole overlap with those from opposite pole
32
Q

Kinetochore Movement

A
  • Chromosomes move by sliding over or along kinetochore microtubules
  • Microtubules disassemble as kinetochore passes over them

BIOLOGY 110 (3 decks)

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