Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Malika Biology MCAT > Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood into __________ circulation.

A

Pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood into _________ circulation.

A

Systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electrical conduction pathway through the heart

A

SA node —> AV node —> Bundle of His —> Purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean when cardiac muscle has myogenic activity?

A

It means the heart can contract without any neurological input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the top part of the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

It sits in the middle of the wall, connecting the right atrium and right ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the bundle of His located?

A

They are imbedded in the interventricular septum and they travel down and branch off into fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The normal range of humans’ heart rate is determined by intrinsic rhythm of the _______ node.

A

SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A heartbeat is composed of two phases known as __________ & ___________.

A

Systole and diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during systole?

A

The AV valves close. The ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

The semilunar valves close. The ventricles relax and the blood coming from the atria fills the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cardiac output? Name the equation.

A

It is the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute.
CO = HR x SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

It is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per beat of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classification of blood vessels starting from arteries

A

Arteries —> arterioles —> capillaries —> tissue —> capillaries —> venules —> veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

All blood vessels are lined on the inside with a special type of cell. What is it called?

A

Endothelial cells. They are made of single flat squamous cells that line the interior of blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of endothelial cells?

A
  1. They release chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
  2. Allow white blood cells to pass during immune response.
  3. Release factors involved in the formation of blood clots.
  4. Most importantly, play a role in the gas exchange of O2 and CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference in structure of veins and arteries?

A

Arteries contain a lot of smooth muscle and are very elastic.
Veins are thinner, contain less smooth muscle, and are inelastic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arteries carry _________ blood…..

A

Oxygenated, Away from the heart either to the lungs or to the peripheral tissues of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Veins carry ____________ blood…..

A

Deoxygenated, to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. But there are two types of arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. What are the exceptions?

A

Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most veins carry deoxygenated blood, but there are two types of veins that carry oxygenated blood. What are these exceptions?

A

Pulmonary veins and umbilical veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Since blood in large veins travels upwards (against gravity) to the heart, they must have structures preventing blood from going back. What are these structures?

A

They have valves which slam shut when blood tries to move backwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

As well as having valves, veins also rely on another external force that helps blood to flow upward. What is it?

A

Veins are surrounded by skeletal muscles which squeeze the veins as the muscles contract forcing the blood to go upward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blood is made up of 55% ________ and 45% _______.

A

Plasma, cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the plasma portion of blood contain?

A

Water, nutrients, salts/ions such as potassium and bicarbonate, hormones, plasma proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the cellular portion of blood contain?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Plasma can be further refined into a substance called _____. What is its purpose?

A

Serum. It doesn’t have clotting factors and fibrinogen proteins which make it easier to perform antibody testing and blood typing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe shape/characteristics of RBCs

A

-Mature RBCs don’t contain any organelles or nuclei (NO DNA)
-Have a biconcave shape, rely solely on glycolysis for ATP (don’t carry out oxidative phosphorylation)
-DON’T undergo mitosis

29
Q

What does an H&H measure?

A

It measures the hemoglobin in the blood, and how much of the blood sample consists of RBCs (as a percentage).

30
Q

What are the granular leukocytes (granulocytes)?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

31
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

32
Q

Monocytes primary function

A

They phagocytize foreign matter and waste

33
Q

Monocytes are also known as _______ when they travel outside of the bloodstream to other organs.

A

Macrophages

34
Q

What are Platelets/thrombocytes?

A

They are cell fragments produced by the bone marrow that aid in blood clotting.

35
Q

Which two organs release a hormone, thrombopoietin, that stimulates platelet development?

A

Liver and kidney

36
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

It is the production of red blood cells and platelets

37
Q

What are the main functions of lymphocytes?

A

Some act as primary responders against an infection while others maintain a long-term memory bank of the different pathogens they have been exposed to in the past.

38
Q

What are the four blood types?

A

A, B, AB, and O

39
Q

The AB blood type is an example of?

A

Codominance meaning the person expresses both alleles

40
Q

The A and B alleles are also written as….

A

I^A and I^B

41
Q

The O allele is also written as….

A

i

42
Q

The A and B alleles are (dominant/recessive) while the O allele is (dominant/recessive).

A

Dominant, recessive

43
Q

Antibodies are produced in response to what?

A

Antibodies are produced in response to being exposed to specific antigens

44
Q

What are antigens?

A

They are proteins on the surface of cells/pathogens/viruses that are a target for the immune system.

45
Q

RBCs contain ______ on their surface which act as targets for the immune system. This is why people with certain blood types can’t be given just random blood, or their immune system can recognize the antigens on the blood as foreign and attack.

A

Antigens

46
Q

The O blood type is considered the universal _______.

A

Donor

47
Q

The AB blood type is considered the universal ______.

A

Recipient (it can receive blood from any of the other bloodtypes)

48
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of RBCs. If there is a + sign it means Rh positive, if it is minus it is Rh negative.

49
Q

What is another name for the Rh factor?

A

It is having or not having a D allele.

50
Q

Why is the Rh factor so important in childbirth?

A

If the woman is Rh-, but the fetus is Rh+ then the woman will develop antibodies against Rh+ antigens. This will be harmful to a fetus in a subsequent pregnancy (if they are Rh+) because of those developed antibodies.

51
Q

What are some main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Maintaining blood pressure, gas and solute exchange, coagulation, and thermal regulation

52
Q

Which vessels have the highest blood pressure?

A

Aorta & Arteries

53
Q

How does exercise affect hemoglobin binding affinity for oxygen at peripheral tissue sites?

A

Hemoglobin binding affinity for oxygen decreases even more at peripheral tissues during exercise. That means more oxygen is unloaded and delivered to peripheral tissues during exercise.

54
Q

In the lungs, the partial pressure of O2 is (high/low) and at peripheral tissues, the partial pressure of O2 is (high/low).

A

High, low

55
Q

Exercise causes peripheral tissues sites to have a (higher/lower) O2 partial pressure than usual.

A

Lower; instead of having a partial pressure of around 40 mmHg, it is around 20 mmHg.

56
Q

What are the three ways that blood pressure can be increased physiologically?

A

Baroreceptor detection causing vasoconstriction, release of ADH/vasopressin hormone, or release aldosterone

57
Q

The vast majority of CO2exists in the blood as the __________.

A

bicarbonate ion; HCO3-

58
Q

Exercise causes the oxyhemoglobin curve to shift to the ______.

A

Right

59
Q

How does release of cortisol increase BP?

A

Cortisol signals the sympathetic nervous system to cause vasoconstriction of in blood vessels which increase the total peripheral resistance and ultimately increases blood pressure.

60
Q

Blood pressure is affected by two factors in this equation:

A

Change in pressure = CO x TPR

CO is cardiac output
TPR is total peripheral resistance or just “resistance”

61
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

It is the force that the blood exerts to push fluid out of the bloodstream (vessel)

62
Q

Osmotic/oncotic pressure

A

Force generated by solutes which pull blood in

63
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is (greater/lower) than oncotic pressure at the arteriole side. How does this affect the movement of fluid and solutes?

A

Greater; this allows fluid to efflux out of the arterioles and into the interstitium with the surrounding cells

64
Q

How does the oncotic pressure compare on the arteriole side to the venule side of the capillary bed?

A

The oncotic pressure stays the same on both bone arteriole and venule side.

65
Q

What happens to the hydrostatic pressure on the venule side of the capillary bed?

A

Hydrostatic pressure decreases on the venule side of the capillary bed which causes fluid (and deoxygenated blood) to rush out of the cells/interstitum back into the venules.

66
Q

What kinds of solutes contribute the most to oncotic pressure in the capillaries?

A

Albumin plasma proteins

67
Q

Clotting process summed up:

A
  1. Blood vessel/tissue is damaged and exposes connective tissue as well as a protein called tissue factor.
  2. When platelets come into contact with exposed collagen, this signals that there is injury and more platelets travel to the site.
  3. Also signals blood vessels to vasoconstrict to minimize blood loss.
  4. Clotting factors/proteins are also released by the liver and initiate a complex cascade to activate prothrombin.
68
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Very thing and fragile, porous, highest cross-sectional areas to allow for maximum diffusion

69
Q

Which blood vessels has the highest total surface area?

A

Capillaries
The smallest/thinnest vessels has the highest surface area.

Malika Biology MCAT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions