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Core Curriculum For Oncology Nursing > Chapter 7: Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Carcinogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of normal cells becoming cancer cells

A

Carcinogenesis

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2
Q

Cellular alterations from environmental factors required throughout a persons lifetime. Not inherited.

A

Somatic pathogenic variants

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3
Q

Cellular alterations acquired from parent to offspring

A

Germline or inherited pathogenic variants

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4
Q

How many known cancer syndrome are there?

A

50 and increasing

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5
Q

Genes that code for proteins involved in normal cell growth. When altered, they enable it cancer cell to be self-sufficient and growth. RAS is a common example.

A

Proto-Oncogenes

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6
Q

RAS is a common proto-onco gene that especially affects which types of cancers?

A

Pancreatic and colorectal

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7
Q

Genes that control cell proliferation rate. When they stop functioning, they can drive cancer cell growth.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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8
Q

RB Gene- a tumor suppressor gene, is commonly associated with which cancers?

A

Childhood retinoblastoma, and an adults many lung breast and bone cancers

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9
Q

Genes that instruct DNA to repair mistakes in normal cells caused by carcinogens during replication.

A

Caretaker genes

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10
Q

Ask as a caretaker, genes. When pathogen altered, it loses its ability to activate the caretaker genes leading to increase pathogenic alterations and development of cancer.

A

Tp53

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11
Q

When a piece of one chromosome moves to another chromosome during cell division. This type of genetic alteration can create oncogenes

A

Chromosome translocation

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12
Q

Normally located on chromosome 8, when shifted to chromosome 14 results in: over expression of this gene, increase cell proliferation, and blocks the differentiation of B lymphocytes. Commonly associated with Birkett lymphoma.

A

MYC proto-oncogene

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13
Q

In chronic myeloid leukemia, the BCR gene on chromosome 22 is fused with the a BL gene on chromosome nine this fusion increases tyrosine kindness increasing proliferation of milo cells. What is the common name for this translocation?

A

Philadelphia chromosome

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14
Q

This drug was created to target the trans location of the Philadelphia chromosome. It targets, tyrosine kindness inhibitors what is the name of this drug?

A

Imatinib

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15
Q

Name some of the micro environmental factors that are associated with cancer

A

Tobacco,alcohol, air pollution, processed and red meats, lack of fiber, lack of fruits, and vegetables, diabetes, and hyperglycemia, overweight, lack of exercise, postmenopausal, infection, ionizing, radiation, occupational hazards, reproduction, sun exposure

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16
Q

A change in the chemical structure of DNA that does not change the DNA coding sequence

A

Epigenetic variant 

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17
Q

A type of epigenetic variant in which a methyl group is added or removed from DNA affecting the transcription of genes

A

DNA methylation

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18
Q

Inflammatory conditions associated with cancer

A

Asbestos, bronchitis, cystitis, gingivitis, IBS, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, lichen, sclerosis, chronic pancreatitis, Gerd, Barrett’s esophagus, Hashimoto thyroiditis, skin inflammation, sialadentitis

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19
Q

Non-viral infectious agents associated with inflammation and cancer formation

A

H pylori , chronic bacterial cholecystitis, liver flukes, schostosomiasis.

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20
Q

Viral infectious agents associated with neoplasms

A

HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr, Kaposi’s sarcoma, PV, HTLV –1

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21
Q

Asbestos is associated with which neoplasm

A

Mesothelioma, lung carcinoma

22
Q

Chronic Bronchitis is associated with which neoplasm

A

Lung carcinoma

23
Q

Chronic cystitis is associated with which neoplasm?

A

Bladder

24
Q

IBS, Crohn’s disease, and chronic ulcerative colitis are associated with what type of cancer?

A

Colorectal

25
Q

Chronic gingivitis is associated with which type of cancer?

A

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

26
Q

Lichen sclerosus is associated with which type of cancer?

A

Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

Chronic and hereditary pancreatitis are associated with which neoplasm?

A

Pancreatic

28
Q

Reflex esophagitis, and Barrett’s esophagus are associated with which cancer?

A

Esophageal carcinoma

29
Q

SIALADENITIS is associated with which type of cancer?

A

Salivary gland carcinoma

30
Q

Hashimoto’s and Sjogren syndrome are associated with which neoplasm?

A

MALT lymphoma

31
Q

H pylori is associated with which 2 types of neoplasms?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

32
Q

Chronic bacterial cholecystis is associated with which neoplasm

A

 gallbladder cancer

33
Q

Schistomiasis is associated with which neoplasm? (4 answers)

A

Bladder, liver, and rectal carcinoma. And follicular lymphoma of the spleen.

34
Q

Liver flutes are associated with which type of neoplasm?

A

Cholangiocatcinoma

35
Q

HIV is associated with which three types of neoplasm?

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, squamous, cell carcinoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma

36
Q

Hepatitis B and C are associated with which neoplasm?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

37
Q

Epstein-Barr is associated with which 3 neoplasms?

A

B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

38
Q

HPV is associated with which 2 neoplasm?

A

Cervical and anogenital warts

39
Q

HTLV –1 is associated with which two types of neoplasms?

A

Adult T cell leukemia and adult T cell lymphoma

40
Q

A process that allows normal cells to be broken down during cellular stress so that other organelles and cell contents can be reused and other cells

A

Autophagy

41
Q

Necrotic cells_________. cancer cells use these to recruit inflammatory cells and enhance tumor growth

A

Pro inflammatory signals

42
Q

True or false: cancer cells contain low amount of telomerase which add protective telomerase and prevent segments from shortening

A

False: contains high amounts

43
Q

What is the term for the creation of new blood vessels from existing ones that provides nutrients and removes waste product

A

Angiogenesis 

44
Q

What are the main triggers for angiogenesis?

A

Tumor hypoxia and acidosis

45
Q

Normal cells, metabolize glucose to pyruvate and then carbon dioxide. Cancer cells different from this by using mostly what?

A

Glycolysis

46
Q

Epidermal growth, factor receptors are associated with which type of neoplasm?

A

Colorectal

47
Q

Vascular and Ophelia growth factors can cause spread to where?

A

Regional lymph nodes

48
Q

This type of growth factor is involved with targeted neurons that transmit pain, temperature and touch sensation

A

Nerve Growth Factor

49
Q

A new oncology nurse is reviewing a patient’s medical record and request help and understanding the process of carcinogenesis. A season nurse explains that the process is due to which of the following.
A. Clonal evolution.
B convergent
C. Convolution
D. Perseverance.

A

A. Clonal evolution is the process of which a tumor accumulates genetic changes overtime 

50
Q

What is the most common tumor metastasized to the brain?

A

Non- Small cell lung cancer

Core Curriculum For Oncology Nursing (2 decks)

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