Chapter 7: Bone Tissue Flashcards
The study of bone
Osteology
The functions of the skeleton
Support Protection Movement Electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Blood formation
Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals
Osseous tissue
The hardening process of osseous tissue
Calcification
Thin, curved plates; most of the cranial bones, the sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones, etc.
Flat bones
The most important bones in body movement; the humerus, radium, ulna, femur, tibia, etc.
Long bones
Approximately equal in length and width, produce relatively limited gliding movements; contained in the wrist and ankles, the patella, etc.
Short bones
Bones that do not fit into the other categories: flat, long, or short; the vertebrae, three middle-ear bones, etc.
Irregular bones
Outer shell of dense white osseous tissue
Compact bone
The cavity that contains bone marrow
Medullary cavity or Marrow cavity
Loosely organized form of osseous tissue
Spongy bone
The shaft of long bone
Diaphysis
The expanded head of long bone
Epiphysis
The layer of hyaline cartilage where the joint surface of one bone meets the other
Articular cartilage
Minute holes where blood vessels penetrate into the bone
Nutrient foramina
The external sheath covering the bone
Periosteum
Some collagen fibers of the outer layer penetrate into the bone matrix as _________ .
Perforating fibers
A thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system of compact bone
Endosteum
Separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphsysis in children and adolescents
Epiphyseal
The spongy layer in the cranium
Diploe
Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types
Osteogenic cells
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
Osteocytes
Bone-dissolving cells on the bone surfaces
Osteoclasts
Tiny cavities in bone tissue
Lacunae
Slender channels that interconnect lacunae
Canaliculi
A crystallized inorganic matter that composes about 85% of the matrix of osseous tissue
Hydroxyapatite
Layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal and connected with each other by canaliculi
Concentric lamellae
Most compact bone is arranged in cylinders of tissue that surround _________ .
Central (Haversian) canals
A central canal and its lamellae
Osteon
Transverse or diagonal passages that join central canals
Perforating (Volkmann) canals
Lattice of delicate slivers of bone in spongy bone
Spicules (rods or spines) and trabeculae (thin plates)
Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals
Bone marrow
Tissue that produces blood cells
Hemopoietic tissue
Bone marrow that contains hemopoietic tissue
Red bone marrow
Bone marrow that contains fat
Yellow bone marrow
The formation of bone
Ossification or osteogenesis
Produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone)
Intramembranous ossification
The process n which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Cartilage growth from within, by he multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior
Interstitial growth
The growth of bone in diameter and thickness; the deposition of new tissue at the surface
Appositional growth
States that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses
Wolff’s law of bone
A crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and desposited in bone tissue, mainly as needlelike crystals of hydroxyapatite
Mineral decomposition (mineralization)
The critical value a product of calcium and phosphate concentration in the tissue fluids must reach in order to form hydroxyapatite crystals
Solubility product
Abnormal calcification of tissues; in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, etc.
Ectopic ossification
A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs
Calculus
The process of dissolving bone
Mineral resorption
An enzyme secreted by the osteoclast that digest the collagen of bone matrix
Cathepsin K
Calcium deficiency
Hypocalcemia
The inability of the muscle to relax; sometimes caused by hypocalcemia
Tetany
A blood calcium excess
Hypercalcemia
A form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys
Calcitriol
Secreted by C cells (clear cells) of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
When calcitonin reduces osteoclast activity, so osteoclasts liberate less calcium from the skeleton
Osteoclast inhibition
When calcitonin increases the number and activity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton
Osteoclast stimulation
Secreted by the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid horomone
The branch of medicine that deals with bone disorders
Orthopedics
A break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
Fracture
A break in a bone weakened by some other disease, such as bone cancer
Pathological fracture
A procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery
Closed reduction
A procedure that involves the surgical exposure of the bone and use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments
Open reduction
