Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton

Question 1

how do the bones of the axial skeleton contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 1

protecting the body’s organs:

• cranium surrounds the brain
• vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord
• ribs surround the heart and lungs

Question 2

bones support ___

Answer 2

storage and release of calcium, an important ion in the body

Question 3

axial skeleton

Answer 3

80 bones; skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum

Question 4

appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

126 bones; bones of the upper and lower extremities, bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

greater length than width

Question 6

short

Answer 6

cube shaped

Question 7

flat

Answer 7

thin layers of parallel plates

Question 8

irregular

Answer 8

complex shapes

Question 9

sesamoid

Answer 9

shaped like a sesame seed

Question 10

sutural bones

Answer 10

are small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones

Question 11

sutures

Answer 11

jointed areas where flat bones come together

Question 12

bone surface markings

Answer 12

bones have characteristic surface markings - structural features adapted for specific functions

Question 13

depressions

Answer 13

allow for passage of soft tissues and form joints

Question 14

processes

Answer 14

projections or outgrowths that form joints; serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

Question 15

fissures

Answer 15

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

Question 16

foramen

Answer 16

opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

Question 17

fossa

Answer 17

shallow depressions

Question 18

sculus

Answer 18

furrow along bone surfaces that accommodate blood vessels, nerve or tendon

Question 19

meatus

Answer 19

tubelike opening

Question 20

condyle

Answer 20

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone

Question 21

facet

Answer 21

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

Question 22

head

Answer 22

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone

Question 23

crest

Answer 23

prominent ridge of elongated projection

Question 24

epicondyle

Answer 24

typically roughened projection above condyle

Question 25

line

Answer 25

long, narrow ridge or border

Question 26

spinous process

Answer 26

sharp, slender projection

Question 27

trochanter

Answer 27

very large projection

Question 28

tubercle

Answer 28

variably sized rounded projection

Question 29

tuberosity

Answer 29

variably sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface

Question 30

skull

Answer 30

22 bones; not including 3 middle ear bones in each ear

-associated with these are a number of processes, ridges, lines, depressions and foramina

Question 31

cranial bones are

Answer 31

• frontal bone
• parietal & temporal bone
• occipital bone
• sphenoid bone
• ethmoid bone

Question 32

facial bones are

Answer 32

• vomer bone
• maxilla bone
• zygomatic bone
• mandible (lower jaw)
• palatine bone
• nasal bone
• lacrimal bone

Question 33

carotid (relating to carotid artery)

Answer 33

located in petrous portion of temporal bone; passes internal carotid artery and sympathetic nerves for eyes

Question 34

hypoglossal canal

Answer 34

located: superior to base of occipital condyles; passes through hypoglossal (XII) nerve, branch of maxillary division of trigeminal (V) nerve