Chapter 7: Audition, The Body Senses, & The Chemical Senses Flashcards
Hearing or Audition’s three primary functions:
TO DETECT SOUNDS
TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF THEIR SOURCES &
TO RECOGNIZE THE IDENTITY OF THESE SOURCES
The perceived _______ of an auditory stimulus is determined by the frequency of vibration, which is measured by hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.
PITCH
It is a function of intensity — the degree to which the compressions and expansions of air differ from each other.
LOUDNESS
It provides information about the nature of the particular sound.
TIMBRE
Sound is funneled via the pinna (external ear) through the ear canal to the ________ _______ (ear drum), which vibrates with the sound.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
These are the bones of the middle ear, which are set into vibration by the tympanic membrane.
OSSICLES
The ______ (hammer) connects with the tympanic membrane and transmits vibrations via the _______ (anvil) and _______ (stirrup) to the ________, the structure that contains the receptors.
MALLEUS
INCUS
STAPES
COCHLEA
It is the opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea.
OVAL WINDOW
The auditory receptor cells are called _____ ______, and they are anchored, via rodlike ______ ______, to the ________ _______.
HAIR CELLS
DEITER’S CELLS
BASILAR MEMBRANE
The cilia of the hair cells pass through the reticular membrane, and the ends of some of them attach to the fairly rigid ________ ________, which hangs overhead like a shelf.
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
It is a flexible membrane-covered opening and it allows the fluid inside the cochlea to move back and forth.
ROUND WINDOW
The receptive organ, known as the ______ ___ ______, consists of the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane.
ORGAN OF CORTI
Adjacent cilia are linked to each other by elastic filaments known as ____ _______.
TIP LINKS
The points of attachment, known as ______ ______, look dark under an electron microscope.
INSERTIONAL PLAQUES
The organ of Corti sends auditory information to the brain by means of the ______ _______.
COCHLEAR NERVE
The efferent fibers constitute the _______ ________.
OLIVOCOCHLEAR BUNDLE
Axons enter the ________ _______ of the medulla and synapse there.
COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
Most of the neurons in the cochlear nucleus send axons to the _______ _______ _______, also located in the medulla.
SUPERIOR OLIVARY COMPLEX
Axons of neurons in these nuclei pass through a large fiber bundle called the _______ _______ to the inferior colliculus, located in the dorsal midbrain.
LATERAL LEMNISCUS
It is the first level of auditory association cortex, the ______ ______, surrounds the primary auditory cortex, much as the extra-striate cortex surrounds the primary visual (striate) cortex.
BELT REGION
The highest level of auditory association cortex, the ______ ______, located ventral to the lateral parabelt, receives information from the belt region and from the divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus that also project to the belt region.
PARABELT REGION
This suggest that at least some frequencies of sound waves are detected by means of a _______ _______.
PLACE CODE
These are devices that are used to restore hearing in people with deafness caused by damage to the hair cells.
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
Lower frequencies are detected by means of ______ ______.
RATE CODING
The clarinet note possesses a ________ ________, which corresponds to the perceived pitch of the note.
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
These are the frequencies of complex tones.
OVERTONES
It refers to the simultaneous arrival, at each ear, of different portions (phases) of the oscillating sound wave.
PHASE DIFFERENCES
It responds to the force of gravity and inform the brain about the head’s information.
VESTIBULAR SACS
It responds to the angular acceleration — changes in the rotation of the head — but not to steady rotation. It also responds (but rather weakly) to changes in position or to linear acceleration.
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
The two vestibular sacs:
UTRICLE (“LITTLE POUCH”)
SACCULE (“LITTLE SACK”)
An enlargement called the _________ contains the organ in which the sensory receptors reside.
AMPULLA
It is a gelatinous mass which blocks part of the ampulla.
CUPULA
It appears as a nodule on the vestibular nerve.
VESTIBULAR GANGLION
These are the most studied of the somatosenses and include several sub-modalities commonly referred to as touch.
CUTANEOUS SENSES (SKIN SENSES)
They provide information about body position and movement.
PROPRIOCEPTION AND KINESTHESIA
This arise from receptors in and around the internal organs.
ORGANIC SENSES
Its appearance varies widely across the body, from mucous membrane to hairy skin to the smooth, hairless skin of the palms and the soles of the feet, which is known as ______ ______.
GLABROUS SKIN
Stimuli that cause vibration in the skin or changes in pressure against it (tactile stimuli) are detected by _____________ — the encapsulated receptors and some types of free nerve endings.
MECHANORECEPTORS
A particular interesting form of pain sensation occurs after a limb has been amputated. After the limb is gone, up to 70 percent of amputees report that they feel as though the missing limb still exists and that it often hurts. This phenomenon is referred to as the ___________ ______.
PHANTOM LIMB
Neurons in the periaqueductal gray matter send axons to the ________ _______ _______, located in the medulla.
NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS
It is a Japanese word that means “good taste”, refers to the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a substance that is often used as a flavor enhancer in Asian cuisine.
UMAMI
Information from the anterior part of the tongue travels through the ________ ________, a branch of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve).
CHORDA TYMPANI
It is the first relay station for taste — located in the medulla.
NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT
This lies at the base of the brain on the ends of the stalklike olfactory tracts.
OLFACTORY BULB
Each olfactory receptor cell sends a single axon into an olfactory bulb, where it forms synapses with dendrites of ________ _______ (named for their resemblance to a bishop’s miter, or ceremonial headgear).
MITRAL CELLS
Complex axonal and dendritic arborizations
OLFACTORY GLOMERULI
