Chapter 7- Aspects of Digital Lighting Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Flatbed Scanner: How are these attached to a computer?

A

By USB port, although some older models will use SCSI or parallel port methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Flatbed Scanner: What sort of light source and sensor does this sort of scanner have?

A

Built-in light source (flourescent or halogen) and a trilinear CCD sensor (RGB) fixed to a screw thread tracking rod that travels beneath the original image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Flatbed Scanner:What is one of the key aspects of the process to keep the same between the image and the digital file?

A

To minimise contrast gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Flatbed Scanner: What bit depth would be required to create a photo-realistic image?

A

24-bit depth for an RGB colour image

32-bit depth for a CYMK image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Film Scanner: Why is this more suitable for film rather than the flatbed scanner?

A

Because the film material is much smaller so the scanner CCD sensor needs to have an increased number of photo-sites per area compared to a standard flatbed scanner sensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Film Scanner: A good quality scanner should be able to reproduce what sized hard copy images without pixelation?

A

11 x 17 inch (with exception to higher end professional camera models)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Film Scanner: These also use a trilinear CCD sensor and use either their own or photoshop software to import the image (as does the flatbed scanner). How does this process differ?

A

Flatbed scanners work by detecting the levels of light being reflected off the surface of the photographic print but film scanners detect the level of light transmitted through the individual photographic film strips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Film Scanner: What bit depths do these film scanners have and why is this important?

A

Either 36, 42 or 48-bit depths which is important as the instruments need to detect subtle colour differences and capture the the original films full brightness range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Digitising of Analogue Photographic Images: Film Scanner: What do drum scanners achieve well?

A

Having high dynanic range (4.0) which increases image detail in dark areas
This is ddone by using Photomultiplier tube as opposed to trilinear CCD

Typically, lower dynamic range (2.4) is fine for reflective prints
Medium ones (3.0) are sufficient for negative films
High ones (3.6) are good for positive film
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Image Film Formats: What will the images be composed of?

A

Pixels of vector data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Image Film Formats: What are file formats comprised of?

A

The file header and the image data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Image Film Formats: Film Scanner: What would a file header contain information on?

A

Horizontal and vertical dimension of the image (in pixels)
Image data type (colour, greyscale)
Image bit-depth
Compression technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Image Film Formats: What would the image data comprise of?

A

Camera model type

Settings used e.g aperture, ISO, shutter speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Image Film Formats: Raw Data Files: What is this?

A

A data file containing unchanged raw pixel information from the CCD or CMOS sensor. It contains just one red, blue or green value at each pixel location and no compression has occured so no artefacts will appear within the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Image Film Formats: Raw Data Files: In a JPEG file, each colour is stored in an 8-bit value, providing 256 steps between lightest and darkest colours.With Raw, most cameras record in what bit per colour?

A

12-bit or 14-bit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Image Film Formats: Raw Data Files: What are the key advantages that a photographer has with a Raw file?

A

Better flexibility to correct over or under exposure
Better detail in murky shadows or bright image highlights
Adjustable white balance capabilities during post-production of images
Good for optical corrections and noise removal
You can revisit Raw data files and reprocess them as tech improves
Metadata (camera type, lens and focal length etc.) is recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Image Film Formats: Raw Data Files: What is the only standardised Raw format in Adobe?

A

Adobe Digital Negative format- this is what will be the standard in the future so can still read the files (unlike some others which may not still be around)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Image Film Formats: Raw Data Files: Which cameras produce Raw data files?

A

All digital medium format and all digital SLRs and a variety of high end compact cameras do as well as hybrid cameras

Remember that Raw file is just a term for a range of data files- it is not just a single thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Image Film Formats: JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group: What level of compression can JPEG achieve with little perceptible loss of image?

A

10.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Image Film Formats: JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group: What is the format based on?

A

Discrete cosine transform algorithm (DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Image Film Formats: JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group: What does it sacrifice for good contrast and saturation?

A

Image detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Image Film Formats: JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group: What has the JPEG committee released and how is it different from the DCT method?

A

JPEG 2000 uses wavelet-based compression methods which has many advantages over DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Image Film Formats: TIFF- Tagged Image File Format: What is this used for?

A

Images destined for commercial publishing i.e. magazines, journals and books where quality needed is very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Image Film Formats: TIFF- Tagged Image File Format: Does this deal with compressed or uncompressed images?

A

Both in addition to storing bit-depth and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Image Film Formats: TIFF- Tagged Image File Format: What was this originally made for and what system does it use to compress images?

A

Allow for cross-platform usage (movement of files between diffferent computer architectures)

Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression is used- no image quality loss and so is referred to as lossless compression method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Image Film Formats: GIF- Graphics Interchange Format: Who developed this?

A

Internet service providers compuserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Image Film Formats: GIF- Graphics Interchange Format: What is it used for?

A

Small scale images and is used for small thumbnails and graphics on web pages
It is compressed (LZW) format and is unsuitable for full colour photographs

28
Q

Image Film Formats: PNG- Portable Network Graphics: What is this competition to in reference to display and distribution of images online?

A

JPEG and GIF

29
Q

Image Film Formats: PNG- Portable Network Graphics: What are the advantages of this format over JPEG and GIF?

A

As well as it being a lossless data compression:

Improved compression enabling saving of alpha mask channels
High colour bit depth (24-bit depth)
Rapid downloading of images online
Built-in gamma correction

30
Q

Image Film Formats: PSD- Photoshop Document: What sort of info is retained on this?

A

Masking channels

31
Q

Image Film Formats: PSD- Photoshop Document: What is an advantage which makes it popular with digital imaging outlets?

A

Compression routines are lossless

32
Q

Image Compression: Why is this needed?

A

To reduce the image into a more manageable size for storage or transmission

33
Q

Image Compression: What are the 3 basic methods of compression called?

A

Lossless, Lossy and Visually Lossless

34
Q

Image Compression: Lossless Compression: What is this and what is it often referred to as?

A

Allows an exact reconstruction of each individual pixel value and is often referred to as image coding (stems from early history when it was developed for transmission of images from space probes)

35
Q

Image Compression: Lossless Compression: What two compression methods are used in lossless?

A

LZW and Huffman

36
Q

Image Compression: Lossless Compression: When is lossless usually used?

A

When image quality is of greater value than file size

37
Q

Image Compression: Lossy Compression: When is this method used?

A

When some loss of pixel info can be accepted

38
Q

Image Compression: Lossy Compression: How does it manage to compress an image at a high ratio?

A

Image is transformed to a video-based encoding scheme. The colour info (chrominance) and grey scale info (luminance) are separated. They are then compacted separately as the human eye is more tolerant to colour than grey scale (tonality) so the loss of colour info is more acceptable than tonality

39
Q

Image Compression: Visually Lossless Compression: What is this used for and what sort of method is used?

A

Kodak Photo CD system and is also a transform system (like Lossy)- counts on losing colour info because human eye has limitations on this

40
Q

Image Compression: Visually Lossless Compression: What sort of format is used here?

A

Similar to a television format (YCC) but slightly modified
The format has one luminance (Y) and two chrominance (C) components, with one C being unique to red-green colour balance and the second C to the yellow-blue balance

41
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage:What are the four digital camera image storage systems being utilised by manufacturers of compact and DSLR cameras?

A

CompactFlash
Secure Digital
Memory Stick
xD cards

42
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Compact Flash Memory Card: These are the unofficial memory card standards for many DSLR cameras (although some have second memory card slots that allow for alternative ones). What are the different thicknesses they come in?

A
Type 1 (CF-I) which is 3.3 mm
Type 2 (CF-II) which is 5 mm
43
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Compact Flash Memory Card: What are its traits that make it so durable?

A

Extremely robust and have long lifespan

Guaranteed to operate in temps of -25 to 85 degrees C

44
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Compact Flash Memory Card: What are the storage capacities like?

A

Largest can go up to 128 GB but also do 4, 8, 16 and 32 GB

45
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Compact Flash Memory Card: Who are the key players in this technology?

A

Kingston, Lexar, SanDisk and Transcend

46
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Compact Flash Memory Card: What is a variant of this?

A

CFast

47
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Secure Digital Memory Card: What is this sort aimed at?

A

Compact, hybrid and mobile phone range of digital cameras where miniaturisation is an extremely important factor

48
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Secure Digital Memory Card: What is the storage capacity like?

A

Highest is 64 GB, with others being 4, 8, 16 and 32 GB

49
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Secure Digital Memory Card: Who are the key players in this technology?

A

Kingston, SanDisk, Transcend and Samsung

Increasingly computers and DVD players are being able to read them too

50
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Memory Stick: What is this used for?

A

Only Sony’s compact and DSLR cameras (Compact Flash slot is also offered in their DSLRs)

51
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: Memory Stick: What is the storage capacity like?

A

Largest is 32 GB, others are 4, 8 and 16 GB

52
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: xD Memory Card: Who developed this?

A

Olympus and Fuji- only these use it for their brands
Former contenders were Microdrive and Smart Media memory cards
Also, these two companies decided to produce cameras using Secure Digital image storage from 2010

53
Q

Image Storage: Digital Camera Image Storage: xD Memory Card: What is the storage capacity like?

A

Highest is 64 GB and others are 2, 8, 16, 32 GB

The card is actually very small

54
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Before multi-media based publishing and digital photography, what was the standard way that data was magnetically transferred and stored?

A

Via the Floppy Disk

55
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Due to the image files being of far greater size than word processing data, new removable storage devices were developed. What came about because of this and proves very popular with all PC workstations having access capability for the removable disk?

A

Syquest drive followed by the Zip and Jaz drives

56
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: What is the current most popular storage and archiving technologies for photographers?

A

The Pen drive (or Flash drive), Removable hard drive, Compact disk (CD), Digital versatile disk (DVD)

Professionals more likely to use Blue-ray disks, tape media or RAID system

57
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Pen Drive: What are these used for, who are key players in this and what is their storage size?

A

Stores both data and image files- good for temporary basis
Kingston and SanDisk
2,4,8,16 and 32 GB

58
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Compact Disk: Which formats are available?

A

Optical storage compact disks are readily available in many formats with CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable), CD-RW (CD-R Writable) and Kodak Photo CD which is a read-only format meaning the data is protected and the versatility and archival properties lead to many photo libraries using it for a long time

59
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Digital Versatile Disk (DVD): What was this specifically made for?

A

Storage and distribution of moving images

Seven fold increase in data storage capabilities and a basic transfer rate of about nine times that of a CD

60
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Digital Versatile Disk (DVD): What are the different formats?

A

DVD-RAM- first rewritable format and uses phase-change tech similar to CD-R- least compatible format with the respective DVD players but does not need to record a lead-in and a lead-out every time the disk is in use

DVD-R and DVD-RW- Write once system similar to CD-R. Recoring of data takes place on special dye layer that is permenantly changed by the use of focused red laser beans. There are three areas: Lead-in, user data and lead-out

DVD+R and DVD+RW- Rewritable DVD format that ha highest compatibility

61
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Blue-Ray Disk: What was this competing against to be the next preferred optical disk standard?

A

HD-DVD

62
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Blue-Ray Disk: How does the system work?

A

Uses blue-violet lasers operating at a wavelength of 405 nm, similar to the one used by DVD format, to both read and write data

63
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: Tape Media: What are the main advantages of this?

A

High storage capacity (10s of 100s of GB) and cost
Also a universally accepted storage method so will be available for years to come

Disadvantage: many formats available which is confusing

64
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: RAID: What is the hardware plus software used for?

A

High storage safety- this device is a stack of hard drives, usually four or five, that functions as a single independent unit.

65
Q

Image Storage: Computer-Related Removable Data Storage: RAID: What are the advantages of such a system?

A

If one disk crashes, info can be rebuilt from the remaining ones. The drives are ‘hot-swappable’ which enables the removal of a drive safely whilst the device is connected and working