Chapter 7: Apportionment and Voting Flashcards
To divide/share out according to plan
Apportionment
Hamilton plan formula
standard divisor = total population/number of people to proportion
Whole number part of the quotient of a population divided by the standard divisor
Standard quota
increasing the total number of available voting seats causes a state to lose seats overall
Alabama Paradox
Alabama Paradox by who
Charles W. Seaton, chief clerk of U.S. Census Office
Population of one state to be increasing faster than that of another state and for the state still to lose a representative
Population paradox
adding a new entity to the population as well as a fair number of additional seats to accommodate the new entity can still impact the existing entities’ numbers
New states paradox
2 examples of alabama paradox
population paradox
new states paradox
Uses a modified standard divisor to yield the correct number of representatives
Jefferson Plan
In Jefferson Plan, number by _______ is chosen so that the sum of the standard quotas is equal to the total number of representatives
trial and error
Will always be smaller than the standard divisor
Modified Standard Divisor
There may be more than one number that can serve as the ________
Modified Standard Divisor
Number of representatives apportioned to a state is the standard quota or one more than the standard quota
Quota Rule
What may violate the Quota Rule
Jefferson Plan
Alabama Paradox may occur in what plan
Hamilton Plan
One of the most fundamental principles of democracy
Right to Vote
4 Methods of Voting
- Plurality Method of Voting
- Borda Count Method of Voting
- Plurality with Elimination
- Pairwise Comparison Method of Voting
Each voter votes, and candidate with most (first place) votes win
Plurality Method of Voting
- Winning candidate does not have to have majority of the votes
- Alternative choices are not considered
Plurality Method of Voting
n candidates in election, each voter ranks the candidates by giving n points to the voter’s first choice, n – 1 to the second, n – 2, and so on and so forth. Candidate that has the most total points is winner
Borda Count Method of Voting
First attempt to mathematically quantify voting systems by Jean C. Borda, member of French Academy of Sciences
Borda Count Method of Voting
Borda Count Method of Voting by who
Jean C. Borda, member of French Academy of Sciences
Can only occur in voting only when there are three or more candidates
Paradoxes
In a two-candidate race, _____ and ______ are the same
majority, plurality
- A variation of the plurality method of voting
- Board members first eliminate the site with the fewest number of first-place votes
Plurality with Elimination
Candidate who wins all possible head-to-head matchups should win an election when all candidates appear on the ballot
Condorcet Criterion
Condorcet Criterion by who
Maria Nicholas Caritat, member of french academy of sciences
- “head-to-head” method
- Each candidate is compared one-on-one with each of the other candidates
- 1 point for a win, 0.5 for a tie, 0 for a loss; candidate with most points win
- Satisfies the Condorcet criterion
Pairwise Comparison Voting Method
