Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards
What is biotechnology?
The use of technology to modify organisms, cells and their molecules to achieve practical benefits.
What is genetic engineering?
The manipulation of organisms’ genetic material by adding, deleting, or transplanting genes from one organism to another.
Definition of the four tools of biotechnology
Chop: Isolating a Gene of Interest Using Restriction Enzymes
Amplify: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Insert: Using Plasmids to Transfer DNA from One Organism to Another
Grow: Creating a Gene Library
What does CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Define CRISPR
● System for editing DNA with a great deal of precision and efficiency
● Enables researchers to modify almost any gene in any organism
● Naturally occurs in almost half of all bacteria as a mechanism for recording encounters with viral DNA and using that information to protect against future infections
What would be considered two factors driving adoption of modified crops in the U.S.?
–Plants with insecticides engineered into them
–Plants with herbicide-resistant genes engineered into them
Why has gene therapy had such a poor record of success in curing diseases?
• Difficulty getting the working gene into the specific cells where it is needed.
• Difficulty getting the working gene into enough cells and the right rate to have a physiological effect.
• Difficulty arising from the transferred gene getting into unintended cells.
• Difficulty regulating gene expression.
Which statement is false?
A) Inhaling exhaust from combustion engines leads to an increased risk of chemical-induced mutation.
B) Sunbathing without using sunblock leads to increased risk of radiation-induced mutation.
C) Working around a nuclear power plant leads to increased risk of spontaneous mutation.
D) Getting too many dental X rays leads to increased risk of radiation-induced mutation.
E) Smoking cigarettes does not increase an individual’s risk of spontaneous mutation.
C.) Working around a nuclear power plant leads to increased risk of spontaneous mutation.
You amplify the same gene from two different people using PCR (polymerase chain reaction). When you electrophorese the two samples on a gel, you see that two bands are present in the sample from Individual 1, whereas only one band is present in the sample from Individual 2. What is a likely explanation for this outcome?
A) Individual 1 is a female, whereas Individual 2 is a male.
B) Individual 1 is haploid, whereas Individual 2 is diploid.
C) Individual 1 is diploid, whereas Individual 2 is haploid.
D) Individual 1 is homozygous, whereas Individual 2 is heterozygous.
E) Individual 1 is heterozygous, whereas Individual 2 is homozygous.
E.) Individual 1 is heterozygous, whereas Individual 2 is homozygous.
If a cell containing 18 chromosomes divides by mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
A) 6
B) 9
C) 18
D) 36
E) 180
C) 18
A particular restriction enzyme always cuts at the base sequence “AATT.” If you were to use this restriction enzyme on the double-stranded DNA segment shown here, how many fragments would result?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
D.) 4
If a scientist starts out with 10 copies of a particular DNA segment to be copied and runs 5 cycles of PCR, how many copies will she have at the end?
A) 50 copies
B) 100 copies
C) 160 copies
D) 320 copies
E) 640 copies
D.) 320 copies
A gene from a bacterium can be inserted into a corn plant, and the corn plant will make the same protein as the bacterium. This kind of gene transfer works because:
A) the bacterium and the corn plant are very closely related from an evolutionary perspective.
B) the bacterium and the corn plant use the same process and genetic code for synthesizing proteins.
C) the bacterium and the corn plant are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
D) the bacterium infects the corn plant’s cells and takes over its cellular machinery to produce the protein.
E) every organism’s DNA is identical.
B.) The bacterium and the corn plant use the same process and genetic code for synthesizing proteins.
What are telomeres?
Telomeres are sections of noncoding repetitive DNA that acts as a protective cap on the tip of each chromosome.
In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes in sex cells, n, equals:
A) 23.
B) 44.
C) 46.
D) 2n
E) 3n
A.) 23
