Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2022 Fall Finals > Chapter 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Encoding

A

involves forming a memory code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Storage

A

involves maintaining encoded info in memory over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Retrieval

A

involves recovering info from memory stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attention

A

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Shallow processing is what encoding

A

structural encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Shallow processing

A

emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intermediate processing is what encoding

A

phonemic encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intermediate processing

A

emphasizes what a word sounds like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deep processing is what encoding

A

semantic encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deep processing

A

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input through elaboration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In what order are the types of judgement most effective

A

Semantic, rhyme/phonemic, visual/structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Levels of processing theory

A

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NMDA receptor does what

A

encourages the flow of info from one neuron to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NMDA receptors become activated when

A

the “sending” neuron releases glutamate and the “receiving” neuron excites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

LTP is

A

long-term potentiation which results in enhanced neural processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Visual imagery

A

the creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered, if it is easier for concrete objects, it is dual-coding theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Elaboration

A

the linking of a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Self-referent encoding

A

making info personally meaningful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensory memory

A

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually a fraction of a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory storage

A

sensory input > sensory memory > attention > rehearsal of short-term memory > storage > long-term memory > retrieval back to short-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

STM

A

limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to about 20 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rehearsal

A

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Echoic memory

A

holding auditory info for 1-2 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Iconic memory

A

holding visual memory for 1 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chunk

A

group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Working memory

A

modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WMC

A

working memory capacity referring to one’s ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

LTM

A

long-term memory is an unlimited capacity that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sperling’s sensory memory experiment in 1960

A

participants stared at a screen and rows of letters were flashed for 1/20th of a second and they were asked to repeat as many letters as possible, but when accompanied by a tone, they can remember more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

no memories backward of injury (usually just of the event)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

no memory forward after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sensory memory is

A

a copy of input, has limited capacity and stores info for 1/4 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

STM is

A

largely phonemic, has a small capacity, and stores info for up to 20 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

LTM is

A

largely semantic, has no known capacity limit, ranges from minutes to years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sensory inputs cause

A

sensory memory (unattended info is lost) > STM through attention (unrehearsed info is lost) > LTM through encoding (some info is lost over time through retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Order of report/recall in STM tests

A

starts with items most recent, then reports the first items through primacy, then in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Conceptual hierarchy

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

40
Q

Schema

A

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or even abstracted from previous experience with the object/event

41
Q

Semantic network

A

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

42
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

trying to recall (frontal lobes) and actually recalling (hippocampus) are different

43
Q

Cramming for exams is bad because

A

spaced practice is better than massed practice because the context at encoding is similar for all repetitions, but in spaced, the context will differ w/ each repetition

44
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach

45
Q

LTM splits into

A

implicit and explicit memory

46
Q

Explicit memory (conscious recall) splits into

A

semantic and episodic memory

47
Q

Implicit memory (w/out conscious recall) splits into

A

procedural memory and priming

48
Q

semantic memory : episodic memory

A

facts and general knowledge : personally experienced events

49
Q

procedural memory : priming

A

motor and cognitive skills : enhanced identification of objects/words

50
Q

Misinformation effect

A

when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event info

51
Q

Source-monitoring

A

process of making inferences about the origins of memories

52
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

53
Q

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

A

forgetting is extremely rapid immediately after the original learning and then levels off

54
Q

Retention

A

proportion of material retained

55
Q

Decay theory

A

forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

56
Q

Retroactive interference

A

when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

57
Q

Proactive interference

A

when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new info

58
Q

Implications for recovered memories

A

confidence in a memory doesn’t mean that it is real

59
Q

LAD

A

language acquisition device is an innate mechanism/process that facilitates the learning of language

60
Q

Behaviorist theory

A

BF Skinner argued that children learn language the same way they learn everything: through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning

61
Q

Nativist theories

A

Humans have an inborn/native propensity to develop language

62
Q

Interactionist theories

A

language development is because of biological neural development, cognitive development, and linguistic environment

63
Q

deep : surface

A

meaning : wording

64
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought

65
Q

0-4 mon.

A

can tell difference between speech sounds (phonemes)

66
Q

4-6 mon.

A

babbles consonants

67
Q

6-10 mon.

A

understands some words and simple requests

68
Q

10-12 mon.

A

begins to use single words

69
Q

12-18 mon.

A

vocab of 30-50 words

70
Q

18-24 mon.

A

2 word phrases ordered according to syntactic rules; vocab of 50-200 words

71
Q

24-36 mon.

A

vocab of 1,000 words, produces phrases and incomplete sentences

72
Q

36-60 mon.

A

vocab grows to more than 10,000 words, production of full sentences and morphemes

73
Q

Functional fixedness

A

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

74
Q

Mental set

A

exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

75
Q

Insight

A

when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it

76
Q

Heuristic

A

guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in problem solving

77
Q

Broca’s area

A

language production

78
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

79
Q

Damage to front part of left temporal lobe

A

difficulty to identifying humans

80
Q

Damage to lower left temporal lobe

A

trouble identifying animals

81
Q

Damage where temporal and occipital lobes meet

A

trouble naming tools

82
Q

Incubation effect

A

when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of time non consciously thinking about the problem

83
Q

Jim Greeno’s 3 classes of problems

A

problems of inducing structure (completion and analogy), problems of arrangement (string and anagrams), problems of transformation

84
Q

Simon’s theory of bounded rationality

A

asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions

85
Q

Availability heuristic

A

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind (many people divorce because everyone I know is divorced)

86
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event (this will happen because this happened in an event like this one)

87
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

88
Q

IQ =

A

mental age/chronological age x 100

89
Q

Prospect theory

A

people simplify available info and choose the prospect that offers the best personal value

90
Q

Frequency format hypothesis

A

how often things occur, but how likely

91
Q

Layperson’s conceptions of intelligence

A

verbal, practical, and social

92
Q

identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins

A

shaped by heredity

93
Q

Identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart

A

shaped by environment

94
Q

siblings reared together are more similar than siblings reared apart

A

shaped by environment

95
Q

biological parents and the children they rear are more similar than unrelated people who are reared apart

A

heredity and environment

96
Q

Adopted children show similarity to their biological parents and to their adoptive parents

A

heredity and environment

2022 Fall Finals (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions