Chapter 7: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
A state of balance or equilibrium within the body
2
Q
Anatomical position
A
Body is in the standing position, arms at the sides with palms forward
3
Q
Anterior
A
Front
4
Q
Posterior
A
Back
5
Q
Superior
A
Top
6
Q
Inferior
A
Bottom
7
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the point of attachment
8
Q
Distal
A
Farther from point of attachment
9
Q
Medial
A
Close to the midline
10
Q
Lateral
A
Far from the midline
11
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from midline
12
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline
13
Q
Supine
A
Lying on your back (face-up)
14
Q
Prone
A
Lying on your stomach (face-down)
15
Q
Trendelenburg position
A
Supine with legs elevated
16
Q
Fowler’s position
A
Seated with head elevated and knees bent
17
Q
The skeletal system
A
Provides shape, allows movement, and protects internal organs
18
Q
Tendons
A
Connect muscle to bone
19
Q
Ligaments
A
Connect bone to bone
20
Q
Frontal bone
A
The forehead
21
Q
Parietal bone
A
Top of head (between frontal and occipital)
22
Q
Temporal bone
A
Lateral bones (above cheekbones)
23
Q
Maxillae
A
Forms the upper jaw
24
Q
Mandible
A
Moveable portion of lower jaw
25
Zygomatic bone
Cheekbones
26
Nasal bone
The nose
27
Foramen magnum
Opening in the occipital bone where brain connects to spinal cord
28
The spinal column
Central supporting structure that protects the spinal cord
29
Cervical spine
7 vertebrae
30
Thoracic spine
12 vertebrae
31
Lumbar spine
5 vertebrae
32
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
33
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
34
Thoracic cavity
Houses the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and great vessels
35
Sternum
Breastbone
36
Manubrium (sternum)
Upper portion of sternum
37
Body (sternum)
Middle portion of sternum
38
Xiphoid process
Inferior tip of the sternum
39
Shoulder girdle
Formed by the clavicle, scapula, and humerus
40
Humerus
Upper arm
41
Radius
Lateral bone of forearm (thumb side)
42
Ulna
Medial bone of forearm (pinky side)
43
Carpal bones
Wrist
44
Metacarpals
Base of the fingers
45
Phalanges
Fingers
46
Pelvis
A ring-shaped structure formed by three bones (illium, ischium, and pubis)
47
Illium
Upper portion of the pelvis
48
Ischium
Lower potion of the pelvis
49
Pubis
Anterior portion of the pelvis
50
Femur
Thigh bone
51
Patella
Kneecap
52
Tibia
Medial bone of the lower leg (shinbone)
53
Fibula
Lateral bone of the lower leg
54
Tarsal bones
Ankle
55
Metatarsal
Base of the toes
56
Phalanges
Toes
57
Joints
Where two long bones come together
58
Symphysis joint
A joint with limited motion
59
Ball-and-socket joint
A joint where the distal end is capable of free motion (ex: shoulder)
60
Hinge joint
A joint where the bones can move only uniaxially (ex: knee)
61
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle
62
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle
63
Cardiac
Heart muscle
64
The respiratory system
Provides the body with adequate oxygen, eliminates waste products, and helps regulate pH levels
65
Upper airway
Nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, and epiglottis
66
Nasopharynx
Upper part of the throat behind the nose
67
Oropharynx
Area of the throat behind the mouth
68
Larynx
Voice box
69
Epiglottis
Valve that protects the opening of the trachea
70
Lower airway
Trachea, carina, bronchia, bronchioles, alveoli
71
Carina
Where the trachea branches into the bronchi
72
Bronchi
Primary branches leading to the lungs
73
Alveoli
Where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
74
Pleura
Two thin, smooth layers of tissue to allow frictionless movement
75
Visceral pleura
Lines the outer surface of the lungs
76
Parietal pleua
Lines the inside surface of the chest cavity
77
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath
78
Residual volume
The amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling
79
Inspiratory or expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air you can still inhale or exhale after a normal breath
80
Minute volume
Respiratory rate X tidal volume
81
Endocardium
Smooth, thin lining on the inside of the heart
82
Myocardium
Thick muscular wall of the heart
83
Epicardium
Outermost layer of the heart; innermost layer of the pericardium
84
Pericardium
Fibrous sac surrounding the heart
85
Systematic vascular resistance
The resistance to blood flow
86
Systolic pressure
The blood pressure exerted during contraction of the left ventricle
87
Diastolic pressure
The blood pressure in between contractions
88
The germinal layer of the epidermis
Produces new cells
89
The stratum corneal layer of the epidermis
Top epidermal layer and consists of dead skin cells
90
The dermis
Contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles
91
Newborn vitals
Respirations: 30-60 bpm
Pulse: 140-160 bpm
Blood pressure: 70 systolic
92
Infant vitals
Respirations: 20-50 bpm
Pulse: 100-140 bpm
Blood pressure: 90 systolic
93
Toddler vitals
Respirations: 20-30 bpm
Pulse: 90-140 bpm
Blood pressure: 80-90 systolic
94
Preschooler vitals
Respirations: 20-25 bpm
Pulse: 90-140 bpm
Blood pressure: 90-110 systolic
95
School-age children vitals
Respirations: 15-20 bpm
Pulse: 70-110 bpm
Blood pressure: 90-120 systolic
96
Adolescent vitals
Respirations: 12-20 bpm
Pulse: 60-100 bpm
Blood pressure: 100-120 systolic
97
Adulthood vitals
Respirations: 12-20 bpm
Pulse: 60-100 bpm
Blood pressure: 110/70 to 130/90
