Chapter 7 A&P and Medical Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Towards Head
OR
Above Point of Reference
A
Superior
2
Q
Towards the back
A
Posterior
3
Q
Towards the front
A
Anterior
4
Q
Towards the feet OR
Below Point of Reference
A
Inferior
5
Q
Towards the back or backbone (spine)
A
Dorsal
6
Q
Near Point of Reference
Anatomically Speaking-Closer to the body
A
Proximal
7
Q
Refers to the opposite Side
A
Contralateral
8
Q
Refers to the same side
A
Ipsalateral
9
Q
Refers to one side
A
Unilateral
10
Q
refers to both sides
A
Bilateral
11
Q
Left or Right of Midline OR
Away from the Midline of body
A
Lateral
12
Q
Toward the midline or center of the body
A
Medial
13
Q
Towards front or abdomen
A
Ventral
14
Q
Center of each of collar bones
A
Midclavicular
15
Q
Far from reference point
Distant from body
A
Distal
16
Q
Vertebrae in upper back
Inferior to Cervical
Superior to Lumbar
A
Thoracic Spine
T1-T12
17
Q
First set of vertebrae in spine
most prone to injury
A
Cervical Spine
C1-C7
18
Q
Refers to palm of hand
A
Palmer
19
Q
Refers to sole of foot
A
Plantar
20
Q
Center of armpit
this line extends from center of armpit down the side to the ankle
A
Midaxillary
21
Q
Last 4 vertebrae in spine
fused together
no protrusion characteristics like other vertebrae
A
Coccyx
(tailbone)
22
Q
Vertebrae in lower back
Least mobile of the vertebrae
most lower back injuries involve muscle not vertebrae
A
Lumbar Spine
L1-L5
23
Q
Vertebrae at back wall of pelvis
fused together
A
Sacral Spine
(sacrum)
S1-S5
24
Q
Inferior portion of the sternum
A
Xiphoid Process
25
Bending towards the body
decreasing the angle between bones or body parts
Flexion
26
Straightening away from the body
increasing angle between bones or body parts
Extension
27
Movement away from midline
Abduction
28
Movement towards midline
Adduction
29
Combination of Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction
Possible with shoulder joint
conical movement through 360º
Circumduction
30
Turning forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the back
Pronation
31
Turning forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned towards the front
Supination
32
Voluntary Muscle
Contracted and relaxed by will
deliberate movements
Skeletal Muscle
33
Involuntary Muscle
Automatic Functions like moving blood through veins, bile from gallbladder, food through digestive system, etc.
No direct Control
Responds to stimuli from cold, heat and stretching
Smooth Muscle
34
Special Involuntary Muscle suited for work of the heart
Automaticity (generates impulse on its own even when disconnected from Central Nervous System)
Own blood supply
can't tolerate interuptions
Cardiac Muscle
35
Moving Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide across membranes
Actual gas exchange in and out of Alveoli, Capillaries and Cells
Respiration
36
Mechanical process of air moving in and out of lungs
based on pressure changes inside chest
Ventilation
37
Lower Chambers of the heart
Pump blood out of arteries
Ventricles
38
Pumps oxygen depleted blood to pulmonary arteries where the blood is transported to lungs and oxygenated
Right Ventricle
39
Structure of the body and its relationship of its parts to each other
(How the body is Made)
Anatomy
40
Alternative to Trendelenberg position
Feet and legs elevated 12"
No longer recommended for us in shock patients
contraindicated with spinal injury
Can be used for fainting or dilated blood vessels with decreased blood pressure
Shock Position
41
On back with legs elevated above head
was used for shock but no longer recommended because organs can push on diaphragm causing breathing difficulty
Trendelenberg Position
42
Liquid part of the blood
Carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues
Transports waste products to organs where they can be excreted
Larger amount ofCarbon Dioxide carried to lungs for elimination
Small amount of Oxygen disolved and transported
Plasma
43
Lying on left or right side
Pregnant women over 20 weeks
Unconscious
Lateral Recumbent Position
(Recovery Position)
44
Face down
Lying on stomach
Prone
45
Lying flat on back
Supine
46
Part of the body's immune system
helps defend against infections
White Blood Cells
47
Essential for formation of blood clots
Platelets
48
Gives blood its color
Carries Oxygen to body cells
Carries Carbon Dioxide away from body cells
Red Blood Cells
49
Located in cytosol
Responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules
Hemoglobin
50
Enters the bottom of Right Atrium carrying Oxygen depleted blood from the lower body
Inferior Venae Cavae
51
Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
only veins that carry oxygen rich blood
Pulmonary Veins
52
Smallest branch of veins
Connected to distal ends of capillaries
Blood depleted of oxygen flows from capillaries into these veins then it is transported to larger veins.
Venule
53
Carries blood back to the heart
All except Pulmonary carries oxygen depleted blood
Vein
54
Carries oxygen depleted blood back to the Right Atrium where it begins circulation through the heart and lungs
Venae Cavae
55
Enters top Right Atrium
Carries oxygen depleted blood from upper body
Superior Venae Cavae
56
Carries blood from Arteries to Capillaries
Arteries branch into
Smallest kind of artery
Arteriole
57
A tiny blood vessel that connects an Arteriole to Venule
Has walls that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste at the cellular level
Capillaries
58
Major Artery in thighs
Supplies groin and leg with blood
Pulsations can be felt in groin at crease between abdomen and thigh
Femoral Arteries
59
Pulsations of this artery can be felt on top surface of foot on the big toe side
Dorsalis Pedis Arteries
60
Artery that travels from calf to foot
pulsations can be felt posterior to Medial Mallelous (ankle bone)
Posterior Tibial Arteries
61
Major artery in upper arm
Pulsations felt at front of elbow or on medial arm midway between shoulder and elbow
Used for Blood Pressure readings and pulse in infants
Brachial Arteries
62
Major Artery of the arm distal to the elbow
Pulsations can be felt proximal to thumb on the wrist
usually assessed for taking pulse
Radial Arteries
63
Originates in Right Ventricle of heart
Carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated and returned to the heart for circulation throughout the body
Only Arteries that carry Oxygen Depleted blood
Pulmonary Arteries
64
Major Artery found on each side of the neck
Supplies the head and brain with blood
Carotid Arteries
65
Vessels that supply the heart itself with blood
Coronary Arteries
66
Major Artery from heart
Passes through thoracic and abdominal cavity
divides into Iliac Arteries at level of the navel, supplies legs with blood
Supplies all arteries with blood
Aorta
67
Upper Chambers of heart
Receives blood from veins
Atria
68
Carries blood away from heart
Artery
69
Form of respiration
oxygen molecules move across membrane from area with high oxygen to area with low oxygen
Cells oxygenated when oxygen moves out of blood in vessel and into the cell to be used in metabolism
Oxyegenation
70
Base of Aortic Artery in the Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
71
Between Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)
72
Base of Pulmonary Artery in Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
73
Between Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
74
Pumps oxygen rich blood to major artery from the heart (aorta) then blood is delivered to all body cells
Left Ventricle
75
Between chambers of heart
Keeps blood flowing in one direction
Prevents backflow
Valves
76
Word Parts in Medical Terms
Prefix
Suffix
Combining form (root word and combining vowel)
Root
Combining Vowel Usually O, sometimes A E or I
77
Outermost layer of skin
4 layers of cells
2 layers dead or dying
Skin Pigment (melanin) is in the deepest layer
Epidermis
78
Second layer of skin
Thicker than first layer
Has blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, and sensory nerves.
Gives skin elasticity and strength
Dermis
79
Fibrous tissue replaces muscle tissue and walls of the heart become thickened
Cardiac Hypertrophy
80
Irregular contractions of myocardium
secondary to electrical disturbances in the heart
Dysrythmia
81
Widespread hardening of arteries
Increases the pressure heart must pump against
Arteriosclerosis
82
Third layer of skin
Layer of fatty tissue that varies in thickness depending on part of the body
Subcutaneous Layer
(Subcutaneous Connective Tissue)
83
Narrowing of valve opening
Restricts blood flow through the heart
Stenosis
84
Connects muscle to bone
Tendon
85
Little oxygen delivered to cells = very little energy produced
Patient may seem quiet and calm can be due to blood loss
Anaerobic Metabolism
86
Insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body's cells
Inadequate elimination of Carbon Dioxide and other waste products
Results from inadequate circulation of blood
"shock"
Hypoperfusion
87
metabolism occurs with adequate amounts of oxygen present
Aerobic Metabolism
88
Swelling in tissue
Edema
89
"-itis"
Inflammation
90
Delivery of Oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to cells of all organ systems
Elimination of Carbon Dioxide and other waste products
Results from circulation of blood through capillaries
Perfusion
91
Pulsation felt on the left side of chest over the ventricle
Only feeling the mechanical contraction of left ventricle
Does not provide assessment of effective heart or blood volume
Apical Pulse
92
Force exerted by blood on interior walls of arteries
Blood Pressure
93
Force exerted on inside of vessel walls because of blood pressure and volume
Significant increase in arterioles cause blood in capillaries to force fluid through capillary walls causing Edema
Hydrostatic Pressure
94
Plane that divides the body into left and right
Does not have to be equal halves
Sagittal Plane (median plane)
95
Plane that divides body into left and right equally
Midsagittal Plane
96
Function of the body and its parts.
"How the body works"
Physiology
97
Pressure exerted against walls and arteries when left ventricle contracts
Measures the effectiveness of pumping of the left ventricle
Systolic Blood Pressure
98
Top number in blood pressure reading
Systolic Blood Pressure
99
Pressure exerted against walls of arteries when left ventricle is at rest or between contractions
Measures resistance in arteries between contractions
Diastolic Blood Pressure
100
Bottom number in blood pressure reading
Diastolic Blood Pressure
101
When left ventricle contracts sending a wave of blood through arteries
The pulse
102
Pulsations located centrally closer to the heart
Carotid, Femoral
Central Pulses
103
Pulsations located on periphery of body (farther from the heart)
Radial, Brachial, Posterior Tibial, Dorsalis Pedis
Peripheral Pulses
104
Lying on back with upper body elevated 45º to 60º
Fowler's Position
105
Lying on back with upper body elevated at less than a 45º angle
Semi-Fowler's Position
106
Standing facing forward with palms facing outward
Anatomical Position
107
Horizontal line through waist divides body into superior and inferior planes
Transverse Line
108
Line drawn vertically from middle of armpit down to ankle.
Forms Anterior and Posterior Planes
Midaxillary Line
109
Line drawn vertically through middle of body beginning at the top of the head, continuing through nose and navel, to the ground between the legs
Corresponds with midsagittal plane by dividing the body in 1/2
Midline
110
Plane that is parallel to ground
Divides body into upper and lower halves
(Superior and Inferior)
Transverse Plane
(Horizontal Plane, Axial Plane)
111
Plane that divides body into front and back halves
(Anterior and Posterior)
Frontal Plane
(Coronal Plane)
112
Nerves outside spine and brain
Peripheral Nervous System
113
Influences activities of smooth muscle and glands
Automatic
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Autonomic Nervous System
114
Part of Autonomic Nervous System
Activated when body is stressed
Trauma, blood loss, fear, etc.
(fight or flight response)
Sympathetic Nervous System
115
Returns body process to normal or depresses body functions
Regulates
Parasympathetic Nervous System
116
Outermost portion of the brain
Initiates and manages motions that are controlled
Responsible for sensations, thoughts, speech, associative memory
Cerebrum
117
System that influences activity of skeletal muscle and movements
Voluntary Nervous System
118
Connects bone to bone
Ligament
119
System that contains the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
120
Posterior and Inferior part of the brain
Coordinates muscle activity
Maintains balance through eye and ear impulses
Cannot initiate muscle contractions
Can hold muscles in state of partial contraction
"Small Brain"
Cerebellum
121
Part of the brain that has 3 major control centers
-Respiratory Center: rate and depth of respirations
-Cardiac Center: regulates heart rate and force of contraction in ventricles
-Vasomotor Center: produces dilation (relaxation) and constriction of blood vessels
Medulla Oblongata
122
Where the Mesencephalon, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata are located
Brainstem
123
Carry sensory information from body to brain and spinal cord
(ex: Sensation of pain)
Afferent Nerves
124
Carry motor information from brain and spinal cord to the body
(ex: the reflexive withdrawal from pain)
Efferent Nerves
125
The structure of the body
Anatomy
126
The function of the body and how body systems work together
Physiology
127
Scapula and acromion are parts of
The shoulder
128
Inferiorly the knee connects with
Tibia and fibula
129
How many types of muscle in the body
3
130
Adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues with the removal of wast products
Perfusion
131
Inner and larger bone of lower leg
Tibia
132
Lower portion of the jaw
(moveable)
Mandible
133
Upper portion of the jaw (immovable)
Maxilla
134
Gas exchange at the cellular level
moving Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide across membranes.
In and out of alveoli, capillaries and cells
Respiration
135
During inhalation these muscles contract
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
136
60-70% effort to breathe
Diaphragm
137
30-40% effort to breathe
intercostal muscles
138
How many chambers in the heart
4
139
How many Ventricles in heart
2
140
How many Atrium in heart
2
141
For breathing to be considered adequate
Tidal Volume and Rate must both be adequate
142
3 layers of protective membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
143
Has all 4 properties
Alpha 1 & Alpha 2
Beta 1 & Beta 2
Epinephrine
144
These effects cause vasoconstriction.
The vessels in the skin are significantly affected. When the vessels in the skin constrict the blood is shunted to the core of the body.
Alpha 1
145
These effects are thought to regulate the release of Alpha 1
Alpha 2
146
These effects relate to the heart by increasing heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction, and speeding up the electrical impulse traveling down the heart's conduction system.
Beta 1
147
These effects cause smooth muscle to dilate
especially the bronchioles and in some vessels
Beta 2
148
When this hormone is secreted by the adrenal gland or administered the following effects are
vasoconstriction, vessels in the skin are significantly affected
heart rate increases and smooth muscles dilate especially bronchioles
Epinephrine
149
When this hormone is secreted by the adrenal gland most of the effects are seen in blood vessels and skin (pale, cool and clammy)
Norepinephrine
150
This hormone is administered for severe allergic reaction to combat vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
Epinephrine
151
Cerebral Hemispheres and reticular activating system control what
Consciousness
152
The cerebral hemispheres are are located where?
The large left and large right sides of the cerebrum of the brain
153
For the patient to be in a conscious or awake state these must be intact and functioning
RAS and at least one cerebral hemisphere
154
If either RAS or both cerebral hemispheres are damaged or not functioning properly the patient is in what state
Unconscious (not awake)
155
The joint that permits the widest range of motion. (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation) Ex: hips and shoulders
Ball and socket joint
156
These joints permit flexion and extension
(elbow joints have forward movement (anterior bone surfaces approach each other)
(knee joints have backwards movement where the posterior bone surfaces approach each other)
Hinged Joint
157
This joint allows for a turning motion
(head and neck and wrist)
Pivot Joint
158
the simplest movement between bones occurs in this joint.
One bone slides against another to the point where surrounding structures restrict motion. (connects small bones in hands and feet)
Gliding Joint
159
This joint is shaped to permit combinations of limited movement along perpendicular planes (the ankle allows the foot to turn inward slightly as it moves up and down)
Saddle Joint
160
This is a modified ball and socket joint
permits limited motion in 2 directions (in wrist it allows the hand to move up and down and side to side, but not rotate completely)`
Condyloid Joint
161
Electrical impulse in the heart originates here
Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
162
this node is located between atria and ventricles
Artrioventricular node (AV node)
