Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Abdominal quadrants
A
4 parts of the abdomen
2
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline
3
Q
Acetabulum
A
Part of the joint the pelvic socket
4
Q
Acromion
A
Tip of the shoulder girdle(shoulder girdle formed by the clavicle and scapula)
5
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline
6
Q
Aerobic metabolism
A
When carbon dioxide is transported away from the cell and blown off the lungs.
7
Q
Agonal respirations
A
Occasional gasping breaths that may be seen just before death
8
Q
Airway
A
The passageway for air from its entry into the body to the lungs and back out again
9
Q
Alveoli
A
Tiny air sacs found on the end of bronchi
10
Q
Anaerobic metabolism
A
The process of metabolizing glucose without producing much energy
11
Q
Anatomical planes
A
Imaginary divisions of the body. Used as reference points on the body
12
Q
Anatomical position
A
All references to the human body assume anatomical position. Standing erect facing forward with arms down at the sides and palms forward.
13
Q
Anatomy
A
Refers to the structure of the body and relationship of its parts to each other. (How the body is made)
14
Q
Anterior plane
A
The patients front
15
Q
Anterior
A
Anterior is towards the front
16
Q
Aorta
A
The major artery from the heart the aorta lies in front of the spine and passes through the thoracic and abdominal cavities
17
Q
Aortic valve
A
At the base of the aortic artery in the left ventricle
18
Q
Arteriole
A
Smallest kind of artery they are branches from arteries
19
Q
Artery
A
Carries blood away from the heart
20
Q
Aspiration
A
When a patients muscles supporting structures of the upper airway may relax resulting in failure of the normal swallowing process and protective reflexes allowing liquid blood vomit or another substance to move past the epiglottis and into the larynx trachea and alveoli
21
Q
Atria
A
The upper chambers of the heart
22
Q
Automaticity
A
The ability to generate an impulse on its own even when disconnected from the central nervous system
23
Q
Ball-and-socket joint
A
This type of joint permits the widest range of motion-flexion, extension, abduction addiction and rotation
24
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
Mitral valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
25
Bilateral
Refers to both left and right meaning “on both sides”
26
Blood pressure
Is force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries
27
Brachial arteries
Is the major artery of the upper arm. It’s pulsations can be felt at the front of the elbow.
28
Brainstem
Contains the mesencephalon the pons and the medulla oblongata
29
Bronchi
Two main tubes branching off to each lung
30
Bronchioles
Bronchus divided and subdivided somewhat like the branches of a tree.
31
Calcaneus
Heel bone
32
Capillary
Tiny blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule. A capillary has walls that allow for the exchange of gases nutrients and waste at the cellular level
33
Cardiac muscle
Special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for work of the heart
34
Carotid arteries
The carotid arteries (one on each side of the neck) supply the brain and head with blood.
35
Carpals
The wrist consists of eight bones or carpals
36
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain the cranium and the spinal cord
37
Cerebellum
Also called the small brain the cerebellum is in the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium. It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and the ears
38
Cerebrum
The outermost portion of the brain the cerebrum occupies nearly all the cranial cavity
39
Cervical spine
C1-C7(neck) the first seven vertebrae form the cervical spine which is the most prone to injury
40
Circulatory system
Composed of the heart blood vessels and blood. It is a closed system that transports blood to all parts of the body.
41
Circumduction
A combination of the four preceding motions as is possible with the shoulder joint; conical movement, or movement through 360 degrees
42
Clavicle
Collarbone
43
Coccyx
Tailbone. The last four vertebrae are fused together and do not have the protrusions characteristic of the other vertebrae
44
Combining form
Two parts a root and a combining vowel. Every medical word contains combining form.
45
Conchae
Three bony ridges located on the sides of the nasal cavity
46
Condyloid joint
Modified ball and socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions
47
Coronal plane
Divides the body into front and back halves
48
Coronary arteries
The coronary arteries are the vessels that supply the heart itself with blood
49
Cranium
Forms the top back and sides of the skull plus the forehead.
50
Cricoid cartilage
Most inferior cartilage. The only cartilage that forms a complete circumferential ring and it is the most inferior structure that connects with the trachea.
51
Dermis
Second layer of skin is much thicker than the epidermis
52
Diaphragm
A powerful dome-shaped muscle essential to breathing it also separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
53
Diastolic blood pressure
Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest or between contractions
54
Digestion
Consists of two processes one mechanical and the other chemical.
55
Digestive system
Composed of the alimentary tract(the passage through which food travels) and the accessory organs(organs that help prepare food for absorption and use by tissues of the body)
56
Distal
Distant or far from the point of reference
57
Dorsal
Toward the back or backbone(spine)
58
Dorsalis pedis arteries
Pulsations of the dorsalis pedis, an artery in the foot
59
Edema
Swelling occurring in the tissues
60
Endocrine system
Made up of ductless glands the body’s regulations.
61
Epidermis
Outermost layer of the skin is composed of four layers of cells
62
Epiglottis
Flexible cartilage is attached to the thyroid cartilage and extends superiorly toward the tongue to form a flap.
63
Esophagus
Fibromuscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach through a series of contractions
64
Extension
Straightening away from the body or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
65
Extremities
Limbs of the body the arms and legs
66
Face
Area between the brow and chin
67
False vocal cords
(Vestibular folds) are superior ligaments covered by mucous membranes.
68
Femoral arteries
Is the major artery of the thigh and supplies the groin and leg with blood
69
Femur
Bone of the thigh or upper hind limb
70
Fibula
Outer and smaller of two bones between the knee and ankle. Parallel with the tibia
71
Flexion
Bending toward the body or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
72
Fowler’s position
The patient is lying on his back with his upper body elevated at a 45 to 60 degree angle
73
Frontal plane
Divides the body into front and back halves
74
Gliding joint
Simplest movement between bones occurs in a gliding joint where one bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion
75
Glottic opening
Space between the true vocal cords
76
Glottis
Space between the true vocal cords
77
Heart
Highly efficient pump is a chambered muscular organ that lies within the chest in the thoracic cavity between two lungs
78
Hinged joint
Permit flexion and extension. Elbow joints have forward movement whereas knee joints have backward movement
79
Horizontal plane
Parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves
80
Humerus
Proximal portion of the arm
81
Hydrostatic pressure
Force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume
82
Hypoperfusion
Known as shock. The insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to dome of the body’s cells and the inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that result from inadequate circulation of the blood
83
Hypopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue to the openings of the esophagus
84
Iliac crest
Each side of the pelvis forms wings of the pelvis
85
Inferior
Towards the feet or below the point of reference
86
Inferior plane
Below the waist
87
Integumentary system
All various tissues organs and systems that make up the human body are separated from the outside environment by the skin.
88
Involuntary muscle
Made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body through rhythmic wavelike movements
89
Ischium
Posterior and inferior portion of the the pelvis
90
Joint
Place where one bone connects to another
91
Laryngopharynx
Portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the baser of the tongue to the opening of the esophagus
92
Larynx
Makes up the anterior portion of the throat and extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea
93
Lateral
Refers to the left or right of the midline or away from the midline of the body
94
Lateral malleolus
Knobby surface landmarks of the ankle joint
95
Lateral recumbent position
Or recovery position the patient is laying on his left or right side
96
Left
Mean left
97
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone holds the skeleton together
98
Lumbar spine
L1-L5 lower back the next five vertebrae form the lower back they are the least mobile of the vertebrae
99
Lungs
Principle organs of respiration
100
Mandible
Lower jaw
101
Manubrium
Superior portion of the sternum
102
Maxillae
Fused bones or the upper jaw
103
Medial malleolus
Much smaller distal end of the tibia
104
Medial
Towards the midline or center of the body
105
Metacarpals
Structural strength of the hand
106
Metatarsals
Form the substance of the foot. Five of them
107
Midaxillary line
A imaginary line vertically from the middle of the patients armpit down to the ankle
108
Midaxillary
Center of the armpit
109
Midclavicular
Center of each of the collarbones
110
Midline
Patient is facing you imaginary lines drawn vertically through the middle of the patients body
111
Midsagittal plane
Based off the Sagittal plane if the plane divides the body into two equal halves it is referred to as
112
Mitral valve
Also known as as bicuspid valve. Between the left atrium and left ventricle
113
Musculoskeletal system
Bony framework or skeleton
114
Nasal bone
Bed of the nose
115
Nasopharynx
First and most superior part of the pharynx. It extends from the posterior distal ends of the conchae in the nasal cavity to the soft palate
116
Nervous system
Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the human body
117
Olecranon
Part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow
118
Orbits
The eye sockets
119
Oropharynx
Middle part of the pharynx. It is located behind the soft palate and extends down to the epiglottis
120
Oxygenation
Is the form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration.
121
Palmar
Refers to the palm of the hand
122
Parietal pleura
Layer of thicker more elastic tissue covers the internal chest wall
123
Patella
Kneecap a small triangular shaped bone
124
Pelvis
Doughnut shaped structure that consists of several bones including the sacrum and coccyx
125
Perfusion
Delivery of oxygen
126
Peripheral nervous system
Composed of the nerves located out side the spinal cord and brain
127
Phalanges
14 bones in the foot that form the toes
128
Pharynx
Comprised of the nasopharynx oropharynx and laryngopharynx
129
Physiology
Refers to the function of the living body and it’s parts(how they work)
130
Pivot joint
This type of joint allows for a turning motion. It includes the joints between the head and the neck at the first and second cervical vertebrae and those in the wrist.
131
Plantar
Refers to the sole of the foot
132
Plasma
Liquid part of the blood which carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues
133
Platelets
A clotting factor platelets and other clotting factors are essential to the formation of blood clots necessary to stop bleeding
134
Pleural cavity
A tiny space with negative pressure that allows the lungs to stay inflated with air
135
Posterior
Toward the back
136
Posterior plane
Patients back
137
Posterior tibial arteries
Travels from the calf to the foot. Pulsations of this artery can be felt posterior to the medial malleolus(ankle bone)
138
Prefix
A word part that comes before a combining form
139
Pronation
Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the back
140
Prone
The patient is lying face up on his back
141
Proximal
Means near the point of reference
142
Pubis
Is in the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvis
143
Pulmonary arteries
Originate at the right ventricle of the heart carry’s oxygen depleted blood to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated and returned to the heart for circulation throughout the body
144
Pulmonary valve
At the base of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
145
Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
146
Pulse
Or wave of propelled blood can be felt at various points called pulse points
147
Radial arteries
Major artery of the arm distal to the elbow joint
148
Radius
The lateral bone of the forearm
149
Recovery position
When the patient is laying on his left or right side.
150
Red blood cells
Give blood it’s color carry oxygen to the body cells and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells
151
Renal system
Filters and excretes waste from the blood. Has two kidneys two ureters one bladder
152
Reproductive system
Women or man consists of complementary organs that can function to accomplish human reproduction
153
Respiration
Refers to the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes in and out of the alveoli capillaries and cells
154
Respiratory membrane
Site where gas exchange in the lungs
155
Respiratory system
Consists of the airway lungs anything to do with breathing
156
Right
Right
157
Sacral spine
S1-S5 back wall of the palvis
158
Saddle joint
The joint is shaped to permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes.
159
Sagittal plane
Median plan is vertical plane that runs lengthwise and divides the body into the right and left segments
160
Scapula
Shoulder blade
161
Semi-Fowler’s position
The patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at an angle less than 45 degrees
162
Shock position
Alternative to the trendelenburg position where only the feet and legs are elevated approximately 12 inches.
163
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary and under control of the brain and nervous system
164
Skull
Rests at the top of the spinal column and houses and protects the brain.
165
Smooth muscle
Made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body through rhythmic wavelike movements
166
Spinal column
Is principle support system of the body
167
Sternum
Breast bone
168
Subcutaneous layer
Just below the dermis is a layer of fatty tissue
169
Suffix
A word part added to the end of a combining form that modifies or gives additional or specific meaning to combining form
170
Superior plane
Above the waist
171
Superior
Towards the head or above the point of reference
172
Supination
Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the front
173
Supine
The patient is lying face up on his back
174
Surfactant
Thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli that contains fat and protein molecules
175
Systolic blood pressure
Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts
176
Tendons
Layers that connect muscles to bones
177
Thoracic spine
Upper back
178
Thorax
Chest
179
Thyroid cartilage
The large prominent anterior cartilage of the larynx commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple
180
Tibia
Two bones of the Lower leg
181
Trachea
Referred to as the windpipe and is attached to the distal end of the larynx and descends downward to about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae
182
Trachealis muscle
Posterior wall of the trachea has no cartilage and is made up of flexible ligaments tissue and smooth muscle
183
Transverse line
Imaginary line drawn through the wrist
184
Transverse plane
Parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves often referred to as the axial plane
185
Trendelenburg position
Head down legs up. Patient is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and body on an inclined plane.
186
Tricuspid valve
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
187
True vocal cords
The inferior ligaments also called vocal folds
188
Ulna
The medial bone of the forearm
189
Urinary system
Filters and excretes wastes from the blood
190
Valve
They are between the chambers of the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction and prevent the back flow of blood
191
Vein
Carries blood back to the heart
192
Venae cavae
Carry’s oxygen depleted blood back to the right atrium where it begins circulation through the heart and lungs
193
Ventilation
Primarily based on changes in pressure inside the chest that cause air to flow into or out of the lungs
194
Ventral
Means toward the front or belly(abdomen)
195
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart
196
Venule
Known as the smallest branch of the veins
197
Vertebrae
Irregularly shaped blocks or bone
198
Vertebral column
Principle support system of the body
199
Visceral pleura
Thin layer of connective tissue covers the surface of the lungs
200
Vocal cords
Contained within the larynx
201
Voluntary muscle
Can be contracted and relaxed by will of the individual
202
White blood cells
Are part of the body’s immune system and help to defend against infection
203
Xiphoid process
The inferior portion of the sternum
204
Zygomatic bones
Cheekbones
