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ACE CPT EXAM > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

Functional Assessments, Posture, Movement, Core, Balance and Flexibility

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1
Q

What are activities of daily living?

A

Activities normally performed for hygiene, bathing, household chores, walking, shopping, and similar activities.

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2
Q

What are reactive forces?

A

Forces that oppose an initial active force.

Example: ground reaction forces occur at the foot when it comes in contact with the ground during running

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3
Q

What are gravity based forces?

A

Forces that act on an object (such as the body) related to the gravitational pull of the earth.

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4
Q

Define posture:

A

The arrangement of the body and its limbs

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5
Q

What are type I muscle fibers?

A

Also known as slow twitch muscle fibers

A muscle fiber type designed to use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low-intensity, longer duration activities such as walking and swimming

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6
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Kyphosis-Lordosis Posture - Facilitated/Hypersonic (Shortened) Muscles

A 
Hip Flexors (Lordosis)
Lumbar Extensors (Lordosis)
Anterior chest/shoulders (Kyphosis)
Latissimus dorsi (Lordosis)
Neck extensors (Kyphosis)
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7
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Kyphosis-Lordosis Posture - Inhibited (Lengthened) Muscles

A 
Hip Extensors (Lordosis)
External Obliques (Lordosis)
Upper-back extensors (Kyphosis) 
Scapula stabilizers (Lordosis)
Neck Flexors (Kyphosis)
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8
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Flat-back Posture Facilitated/Hypertonic (Shortened)

A

Rectus Abdominus
Upper-back Extensors
Neck Extensors
Ankle plantar flexors

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9
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Flat-back Posture Inhibited (Lengthened)

A

Iliacus/psoas major
Internal oblique
Lumbar Extensors
Neck flexors

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10
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Sway-back Posture Facilitated/Hypertonic (Shortened)

A

Hamstrings
Upper fiber of posterior obliques
Lumbar Extensors
Neck Extensors

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11
Q

Muscle Imbalances Associated with Sway-back Posture Inhibited (Shortened)

A 
Iliacus/psoas major
Rectus Femoris
External Oblique 
Upper-back extensors 
Neck flexors
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12
Q

What is neuromuscular efficiency?

A

The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow muscles to produce movement and muscles that provide stability to work together synergistically as an integrated functional unit

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13
Q

What is hypertonicity?

A

Aka Hypertonic - having extreme muscular tension

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14
Q

Correctable factors for muscle Imbalances and posture deviations

A

Repetitive movements (muscular pattern overload)

Awkward positions and movements (habitually poor posture)

Side dominance

Lack of joint stability

Lack of joint mobility

Imbalanced strength-training programs

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15
Q

Non- correctible factors for muscule imbalance and postural deviations

A

Congenitial conditions (eg scoliosis)

Some pathologies (eg rheumatoid arthritis)

Structural deviations (eg tibial or femoral torsion or femoral anteversion)

Certain types of trauma (eg surgery, injury, amputation)

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16
Q

Define stability:

A

A characteristic of the body’s joints or posture that represents resistance to change of position

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17
Q

Define Mobility:

A

The degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues

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18
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

A longitudinal section that runs at a right angle to the saggital plane, dividing the body into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

AKA the Coronal Plane

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19
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

The loginitudal plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

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20
Q

Define “line of gravity” (LOG)

A

A theoretical vertical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres.

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21
Q

Define “scope of practice”

A

The range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a specific job or profession

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22
Q

Key components in posture and movement assessments

A

Client History
- health history
- lifestyle information
Visual and manual observation

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23
Q

Define”external rotation”

A

Outward turning about the vertical axis of a bone

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24
Q

What is pronation?

A

Forearm: Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm.of the hand to face posteriorly

Foot: Flattening of the arch of the foot, by where the tibia and fewer are internally rotated

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25
Q

What is supination?

A

Forearm: external rotation of the forearm (radioulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly

Foot: high arches or heightening of the arches, by which can cause external rotation of the tibia and femur

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26
Q

What is platar flexion?

A

Distill movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion

Extending the foot downward

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27
Q

Define “gait”

A

The manner or style of walking

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28
Q

Name the 5 Posture Deviations

A

1) Ankle Pronation/Supination
2) Hip Adduction
3) Pelvic Tilting (Anterior or Posterior)
4) Shoulder Position and the Thoracic Spine
5) Head Position

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29
Q

In what direction is adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline of the body…

You’re “adding” to the body

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30
Q

When a hip is ADDucted in which direction are the hips tilted?

A

ADDucted hip is elevated and usually shifted in the direction of the elevated hip

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31
Q

Shortened hip flexors causes the pelvis to tilt in what direction?

A

Anterior or towards the front

The superior, anterior portion of the pelvis rotates downward and forward

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32
Q

What does ASIS stand for?

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

33
Q

What is “Lower Cross Syndrome”?

A

Tight hip flexors + tight erector spinae causing the ASIS to tilt forward.

34
Q

What is “scapula protraction”?

A

Noticeable protrusion of the vertebral (medial) border outward

35
Q

What are “winged scapulae”?

A

Protrusion of the inferior angle and vertebral (medial) border of the scapulae outward

36
Q

Forward head position indicates which muscles are tightened and which are lengthened

A

Tight: cervical extensors
Lengthened: cervical flexors

37
Q

What are the five primary movements?

A

1) Bending/raising & lifting lowering (squatting)
2) Single-leg movements (e.g. stepping)
3) Pushing movements (vertical/horizontal planes)
4) Pulling movements (vertical/horizontal planes)
5) Rotational movements

*ADL are essentially the integration of one or more of these primary movements

38
Q

What is the objective of the BEND AND LIFT SCREEN?

A

To examine symmetrical lower-extremity mobility & stability, and upper-extremity stability during a bend-and-lif movement

39
Q

During the bend and lift screen ANTERIORLY observing the FEET with a compensation of LACK OF FOOT STABILITY; ANKLES COLLAPSE INWARD/FEET TURN OUTWARD what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive:
Soleus
Lateral gastronemius
Peroneals

Underactive:
Medial gastronemius
Gracilis 
Satorius 
Tibialis group
40
Q

During the bend and lift screen ANTERIORLY observing the KNEES with a compensation of the KNEES MOVING INWARD are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive:
Hip Adductors
Tensor fascia latae

Underactive:
Gluteus medius & maximus

41
Q

During the bend and lift screen ANTERIORLY observing the TORSO with a compensation of a LATERAL SHIFT TO A SIDE what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Key Suspected Compensations:

Side dominance and muscle imbalance due to potential lack of stability in the lower extremity during joint loading

42
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the FEET with a compensation of CLIENT BEING UNABLE TO KEEP HEELS IN CONTACT WITH THE FLOOR what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive:
Plantar flexors

Underactive:
None

43
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the HIP AND KNEE with a compensation on the INITIATION OF MOVEMENT OF THE KNEES what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Key Suspected Compensations:

Movement initiated at the knees may indicate quadriceps and hip flexor dominance, as well as insufficient activation of the gluteus group

44
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the TIBAL AND TORSO relationship with a compensation of BEING UNABLE TO ACHIEVE PARALLEL BETWEEN THE TIBIA AND TORSO what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Key Suspected Compensations:

Poor mechanics, lack of dorsiflexion due to the tight plantar flexors (which normally allow the tibia to move forward)

45
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the CONTACT BEHIND THE KNEE relationship with a compensation of the HAMSTRINGS CONTACTING THE BACK OF CALVES what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Key Suspected Compensations:

Muscle weakness and poor mechanics, resulting in an inability to stabilize and control the lowering phase.

46
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the LUMBAR AND THORACIC spine with a compensation of an EXCESSIVELY ARCHED BACK what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Hip Flexors, back extensors, latissimus dorsi

Underactive (Lengthened): Core, rectus abdominus, gluten group, hamstrings

47
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the lumbar and thoracic spine with a compensation of back that rounds forward what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major and minor

Underactive (Legthened): Upper back extensors

48
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the HEAD with a compensation of LOOKING DOWNWARD what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Key Suspected Compensations: Increased hip and trunk flexion

49
Q

During the bend and lift screen SAGITTALLY observing the HEAD with a compensation of LOOKING UPWARD what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Key suspected Compensations:

Compression and tightness in the cervical extensor region

50
Q

What is the objective of the HURDLE STEP SCREEN?

A

Toa examine simultaneous mobility if one limb and stability of the contralateral limb while maintaining both hip and torso stabilization during a balance challenge of standing on one leg

51
Q

Define contralateral…

A

The opposite side of the body; the other limb

52
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the FEET with a compensation of lack of FOOT STABILITY; ANKLES COLLAPSE INWARD/FEET TURN OUTWARD what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Soleus, lateral gastronemius, peroneals

Underactive (Legthened): Medial gastronemius, gracilis, satorius, tibialis group, gluteus medius and maximus - inability to control internal rotation

53
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the KNEES with a compensation of the KNEES MOVING INWARD, what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Hip abductors, tensor fascia latae

Underactive (Legthened): Gluteus medius & maximus

54
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the HIPS with a compensation of Hip adduction* >2 inches stability; what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

*Hip adduction involves weight transference over the stance leg while preserving hip, knee and foot alignment. This weight transference requires a 1 - to - 2 inch lateral shift over the stance-leg, with a small hike in the stance-hip of 4 to 5 degrees or less.

A

Overactive (Tight): Hip abductors, tensor fascia latae

Underactive (Legthened): Gluteus medius and maximus

55
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the HIPS with a compensation of STANCE-LEG HIP INWARD ROTATION, what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Stance-leg or raised-leg internal rotators

Underactive (Legthened): Stance-leg or raised-leg external rotators

56
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the TORSO with a compensation of LATERAL TILT, FORWARD LEAN, ROTATION what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Lack of core stability

57
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the RAISED-LEG with a compensation LACK OF ANKLE DORSIFLEXION what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Ankle Plantar Flexors

Underactive (Legthened): Ankle dorsiflexors

58
Q

During the hurdle step screen anteriorly observing the RAISED-LEG with a compensation of a LIMB DEVIATES FROM SAGGITAL PLANE what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Raised-leg hip extensors

Underactive (Legthened): Raised-leg hip flexors

59
Q

During the hurdle step screen ANTERIORLY observing the RAISED-LEG with a compensation of a HIKING THE RAISED HIP what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Stance-leg hip flexors - limiting posterior hip rotation during raise

60
Q

During the hurdle step screen SAGITTALLY observing the PELVIS AND LOW BACK with a compensation of ANTERIOR TILT WITH FORWARD TORSO LEAN what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Stance-leg hip flexors

Underactive (Legthened): Rectus abdominus and hip extensors

61
Q

During the hurdle step screen SAGITTALLY observing PELVIS AND LOW BACK with a compensation of POSTERIOR TILT WITH HUNCHED-OVER TORSO what are the key suspected overactive(tight) and underactive (legthened) compensations?

A

Overactive (Tight): Rectus Abdominus and hip extensors

Underactive (Legthened): Stance-leg hip flexors

62
Q

What is the objective of the Shoulder Push Stabilization Screen?

A

To examine stabilization of the scapulothoracic joint and core control during closed-kinetic-chain pushing movements

63
Q

During the Shoulder Push Stabilization Screen SAGITTALLY observing SCAPULOTHORACIC with a compensation of EXHIBITING “WINGING” DURING THE PUSH-UP MOVEMENT what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Inability of the parascapular muscles (i.e., serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids) to stabilize the scapulae against the rib cage. Can also be due to a flat thoracic spine.

64
Q

During the Shoulder Push Stabilization Screen SAGITTALLY observing TRUNK with a compensation of HYPEREXTENSION OF “COLLAPSING” OF THE LOW BACK what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Lack of core, abdominal, and low-back strength, resulting in instability

65
Q

What is the objective of the THORACIC SPINE MOBILITY SCREEN?

A

To examine bilateral mobility of the thoracic spine. Lumbar spine rotation is considered insignificant, as it only offers approx 15 degress of rotation.

66
Q

During the Thoracic Spine Mobility Screen TRANSVERSELY observing TRUNK with a compensation of BILATERAL DISCREPANCY (ASSUMING NO EXISTING CONGENITAL ISSUES IN THE SPINE) what are the key suspected compensations?

A

Side-dominance
Differences in paraspinal development
Torso rotation, perhaps associated with some hip rotation
Note: Lack of thoracic mobility will negatively impact glenohumeral mobility

67
Q

During the Thoracic Spine Mobility Screen TRANSVERSELY observing the TRUNK and you see a TRUNK rotation of 45 degrees in each direction what is the key suspected compensations if any?

A

No compensation if trunk rotation achieves 45 degrees in each direction.

68
Q

Define flexibility:

A

the ability to move joints through their normal full ranges of motion

69
Q

What are the DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTAR FLEXION ranges for the ankle when the knee is bent 90 degrees?

A

DORSIFLEXION = 20 Degrees

PLANTAR FLEXION = 45 - 50 Degrees

70
Q

What is the range of motion of the KNEE?

A

FLEXION: 125 - 145 Degrees
HYPEREXTENSION: 0 - 10 Degrees

71
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the HIP?

A

FLEXION: 100 - 120 Degrees

EXTENSION: 10 - 30 Degrees

ABDUCTION: 40 - 45 Degrees

ADDUCTION: 20 - 30 Degrees

INTERNAL/MEDIAL ROTATION: 35 - 45 Degrees

EXTERNAL/LATERAL ROTATION: 45 - 60 Degrees

72
Q

What are the average ranges of motion for the SHOULDER/SCAPULAE?

A

FLEXION: 150 - 180 Degrees

(hyper)EXTENSION: 50 - 60 Degrees

ABDUCTION: 180 Degrees

INTERNAL/MEDIAL ROTATION: 70 - 80 Degrees

EXTERNAL/LATERAL ROTATION: 90 Degrees

SHOULDER HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION: 90 Degrees

SHOULDER HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION: 30 - 40 Degrees*

*zero point (0 degrees) is with the arms position in frontal-plane abduction at shoulder height.

73
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the ELBOW?

A

FLEXION: 145 Degrees
EXTENSION: 0 Degrees

74
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the RADIO-ULNAR joint?

A

PRONATION: 90 Degrees
SUPINATION: 90 Degrees

75
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the WRIST?

A

FLEXION: 80 Degrees
EXTENSION: 70 Degrees
RADIAL DEVIATION: 20 Degrees
ULNAR DEVIATION: 45 Degrees

76
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the CERVICAL SPINE?

A

FLEXION: 45 - 50 Degrees
EXTENSION: 45 - 75 Degrees
LATERAL FLEXION: 45 Degrees
ROTATION: 65- 75 Degrees

77
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the THORACO-LUMBAR SPINE?

A

LUMBAR FLEXION: 40 - 45 Degrees

THORACIC FLEXION: 30 - 40 Degrees

LUMBAR EXTENSION: 30 - 40 Degrees

THORACIC EXTENSION: 20 - 30 Degrees

LUMBAR ROTATION: 10 - 15 Degrees

THORACIC ROTATION: 35 Degrees

LUMBAR LATERAL FLEXION: 20 Degrees

THORACIC LATERAL FLEXION: 20 - 25 Degrees

78
Q

What are the ranges of motion for the SUBTALAR joint?

A

INVERSION: 30 - 35 Degrees
EVERSION: 15 - 20 Degrees

ACE CPT EXAM (1 decks)

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