Chapter 7-9 Flashcards
A tornado is an example of_______circulation
Microscale
A land sea breeze is an example of _________ circulation
Mesoscale
The jetstream is an example of________circulation
Macroscale
The deflection of air flow due to Coriolis force coupled with_________ creates most of the surface wind patterns over the earth surface
Global circulation
The three cells that circulate in the northern hemisphere or, in order, from the equator to the North pole
a.Hadley cell
b.Farrell cell
C.polar cell
The general circulation of the Hadley cell produces wind known as the________
North easterly Tradewinds
In the northern hemisphere, at the southern end of the polar and Hadley cell circulation, The air ____ while at the northern end of the ferrel cell circulation, the air _____
Rises, Rises
ITCZ is an acronym for
Intertropical convergence zone
The sub tropical latitudes -30° north and south are areas where the cells closest to the ________ and cells just above 30° _______ and ______Will have descending air circulation
Equator
North
South
The Monsoon circulation is a _________circulation and is generally 5000 ______
Macroscale , nautical miles
Global circulation is a combination of ________ and ________ circulations
General and monsoon
The primary source of energy for the development of hurricanes is ________ and _______
Heat and moisture at the ITCZ
The letter L indicates an area of ____ pressure and the letter H indicates an area of _____Pressure
Low and high
In the northern hemisphere, the circulation toward a center of low pressure is_________ while the circulation around a center of high pressure is __________
Counterclockwise and clockwise
The three high pressure areas that dominate most of the US weather patterns are the north American high, The pacific high, and the high-pressure center in the Atlantic called the________
Bermuda high
Globally, excluding the low pressures of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows, the greatest region of the low pressure is generally over the _______
ITCZ
The jetstream is a fast-moving current of air that runs along the boundary area between_______ masses to the north and______Masses to the south
Cold air and warm air
The jetstream usually occurs at altitudes from approximately_________ to approximately_______(altitudes)
24,000 feet.MSL and 50,000 feet.MSL
There are sometimes to jet streams, one will be along the_____ Front, the other Will be very near the_______ at about________North latitude
Polar, equator, 25°C-30°C
Most of the precipitation in the world occurs due to the convergence of moist air masses and lifting caused by
A.
B.
C.
A.orographic lifting
B.frontal lifting
C.convective lifting
One of the areas most affected by excessive precipitation due to orographic lifting is _______india , near the ________ of the ______where rain falls exceeds ___ inches of rain each year
Cherrapunji
Southern edge
Himalayas
1000
Inter-annual variations in weather or due to A. B. C. D. E.
A.changes in ocean water temperature
B.long term oscillations in equatorial winds
C.fluctuations in solar output
D.interception of solar radiation from plumes of volcanic ash
E. Variation in Earth’s tilt (22°C-24.5°C)
El Niño ~ is an example of ________
Inter-annual variation
Extra tropical cyclones are _________ on a microscale level.
Low-pressure disturbances
Extra tropical cyclones draw ______ from temperature_______across the polar front.
Energy, differences
Extra tropical cyclones are also known as ______Lows and frontal _______
Frontal, cyclones
Areas of low pressure have lifespans of only a few ______ and are generally much smaller then macroscale circulations
Days
Air mass source regions are the places where_________ are________ and winds are ______
Surface conditions
Homogenous
Light
Source region categories are A.____B._____C.____
And if formed over land are called _____
Or, if over oceans, are called ______
A. Arctic
B. Polar
C. Tropical
Continental, maritime
The upper Air Portion of the _____ front deals with associated development such as _______, ridges , troposphere and jet
Polar
Troughs
Streams
The current model, the_____ Front model for predicting weather was developed in the 1910-1920s
Polar
An air mass as uniform _______characteristics
Temperature
Air masses are also identified by relative ______and moisture______
Temperatures and characteristics
A front is a ______between two air masses
Difference
Stable air masses tend to have these characteristics
A.(wind)________
B.(clouds)________
C.(visibility)______
A.light to none
B. Status
C. Poor
The four types of fronts are A. B. C. D.
A. Cold front
B. Warm front
C. Stationary front
D. occluded front
The boundary region of advancing Air mass is called the frontal
Zone
The four stages of the wave frontal development that occur in the polar model are, in order A. B. C. D.
A. Pre-development stage
B. Incipient stage
C. Occluded stage
D. Dissipating stage
Regardless of the type of front, when the front moves, cold air will force____, _____ air aloft
Warm, moist
Usually, compared to a warm front frontal zone, The slope of a cold front frontal zone will be_____
Steeper
The width of a surface frontal zone can vary from_____ up to ____
.5 NM up to 100 NM
Weather has her it’s common to frontal zones are ______and ____
Turbulence and windshear
Extra tropical cyclone development occurs because there is an ______of solar energy at the ____and A _______at the polls which cause a temperature gradient that is concentrated in the ______front
Excess, equator, deficit, polar
The difference in temperature creates frontal cyclones that produce hazards such as
A.
B.
C.
A. Clear air turbulence
B. Icing
C. Windshear
Knowing where Fronts are allows the smart aviator to avoid ______and take it advantage of favorable______
Problem areas and winds
Climatology plays an important role in frontal zone development such as in the winter when_______ our next to Cold continents, such as in the north American continent in the areas off US_______,______
Warm oceans
East coast, golf of Mexico
Another factor that produces low pressure areas is cyclogenesis which can occur in the areas east of the ______mountains
Rocky
wave cyclones describe weather patterns that initially start as straight lines of equal pressure but due to pressure and wind distort into pressure patterns that resemble _______
Cyclones
As the weight cyclone develops, the entire Hermas will usually move _____at a speed of ___to ___kn
Northeast, 15 to 25 kn
As a result of the wave pattern, there will be two areas of cold air that sandwich and area of warm air which is called the ____
Warm sector
Wind patterns near cyclonic waves often have a windshear. A windshear is a _________________ over a_____.
Change in windspeed/direction. Distance
A cyclonic windshear occurs across an area of ____pressure. An anti-cyclonic Windshear occurs across an area of _____pressure
Low, high
Sometimes you may be able to see the wind shear by observing cloud movements. Typically, you may see low altitude clouds moving from the _____ and middle and upper clouds moving from the_____
Northwest and southwest
The approach of a warm front often can be seen in the progression of clouds in cloud types: the order of clouds are:
A. C.
B. D. E.
A. Cirrus (CI) B. Cirrostratus (CS) C. Altostratus (AS) D. Nimbostratus (NS) E. Stratus (ST)
Along with the clouds, warm fronts usually will have three common weather features
A.
B.
C.
A.Fog
B.Poor visibility
C.continuous precipitation
As the low defense, the trailing cold air mass will accelerate and make the front become and_____(where the two cold air components join and push the warm air aloft)
Occluded front
The five stages of a frontal wave cyclone are: A. B. C. D. E.
A.pre-development stage B.incipient (wave cyclone) stage C. Deepening stage D. Occluded stage, and the E. Dissipating stage
A low-pressure system in the upper atmosphere is called a_____
Trough
An occluded low at the surface usually corresponds with a _____aloft
Closed low
The greatest winds around an extratropical cyclone occur _____ near the tropopause. these winds are called the ______
A loft and jet streak
In the troposphere, the polar front jetstream is on the edge of the _________, and looking downstream, the coldest air will be on the ______
Coldest air, left
Cloud formations along extratropical cyclones occur due to rising air along fronts and due to _____winds around cyclones.
Converging
When sufficient moisture is present, clouds will form due to___________ in stable air masses and_________ and_______ in unstable air masses
Contact cooling, service heating, convection
The types of clouds normally associated with a cold front are__________ and______clouds, while the types of clouds associated with a warm front are a. ___b.____c._____d.____
Cumulous, cumulonimbus A.nimbostratus(NS) B.altostratus(AS) C.cumulostratus(CS), And occasionally, in overrunning warm fronts you may also encounter D.Low visibility
Warm fronts normally produce _____precipitation, precipitation induced, ____and ____clouds
Steady, fog, stratiform
Cold fronts normally produce _______precipitation and ________ clouds
Showery, cumuliform
A tropical cyclone is a ________cyclone circulation which, in the most intense form, becomes a________
Mesoscale, hurricane
Hurricanes are noted for three characteristics:
A.
B.
C.
A. Strong convection
B. Exceptionally strong winds
C. Torrential rains
The evolution of hurricanes occur in stages as a measure of wind speed, the first stage is called a tropical disturbance.the next three stages are:
A. _____ b._____ c._____
A.tropical depression
B. Tropical storm, and finally a
C.Hurricane
The minimum speed of a category one hurricane is, _____the minimum speed of a category five hurricane is _______
64 kn, 135 kn
The center of the hurricane is called the ___and the clouds immediately adjacent to the _____are called the ______clouds
Eye, eye, wall
The structure of the hurricane is, from that I outward, a series of spiral band also called ______Interspersed with wall clouds. The air moves _____ in the area of spiral bands and _______between spiral bands.
Rain bands, upward, downward
Winds at the very top of a hurricane flow ______
Outward
In addition to high winds and excessive precipitation, along coastal regions hurricanes cause the greatest damage due to the _____ surge
Storm
The region of strongest winds around a hurricane (in the northern hemisphere) are in the _______quadrant of the storm system.
Right front
Weather warnings about hurricanes are time based. A hurricane watch is issued when a hurricane is more than _____ away (time), and a hurricane warning is issued when a hurricane is less then ______away (time)
1day , 24 hours
Thunderstorms form as a result of dry _____
Convection
The conditions that create a thunderstorm are called_______, which describes the condition when_____
Super adiabatic,
LR> 3°C/1000’
A very small disturbance similar to a thunderstorm, but smaller in scale, is a_____. A classic example ___of a is a world wind or dust devil, ___________
Thermal, thermal, wind speed = 20-50knots
A dust devil is __ to ___ in diameter, May last as long as __minutes and may rise up to _____ft. ____ in altitude
5 to 100ft , 300ft , AGL
Terrain favorable to creating dust Devils are A. B. C. D.
A.dry fields
B.parking lot
C.runways
D paved roads
Terrain unfavorable to creating dust Devils are A. B. C. D.
A. Forested areas
B. Cool bodies of water
C. Irrigated fields
D. Ground dampened by rain
Hey definition of a thunderstorm is a ____ storm produced by a ______ cloud always accompanied by _____ and _____
Local, Cumulonimbus, lightning, thunder
The two types of thunderstorms her ordinary or ______thunderstorm and the ____ thunderstorm. The difference is in the severity of the ______ each type of thunderstorm produces
Air mass , severe, weather
Thunderstorms produce the weather hazards A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
A. Wind gusts of 50kn + B.hail 3/4" or more C.lightning D.precipitation induced downdraft E. Tornadoes F. Updrafts G. Windshear
Normally an air mass or single-cell thunderstorm will Last ______ while a super cell thunderstorm will last for _______
One hour or less, 2 hours+
The three stages of a thunderstorm, and the horizontal distances are
A.
B.
C.
A. Cumulous stage 3-5 mi
B. mature stage 5-10mi
C. Dissipating stage 5-7mi
Most of the air movement upward occurs in the____stage and clouds can reach heights in excess of______in ___minutes
Cumulous,
20,000ft
15 mins
During this ___stage, air is moving up and down in vertical circulations of increasing intensity where the downward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm while the upward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm
Mature, base,top
The indication that a thunderstorm has reached the mature stage is when ______begins to fall on the base of the clouds
Precipitation
Thunderstorms reach greatest intensity during the _____ stage
Mature
Most of the precipitation of thunderstorm occurs in the ______ stage and most of the air movement is_______
Dissipating, downward
A rough estimate of the movement of a thunderstorm is the measuring of ____foot winds (700mb)
10,000
A particular hazard of thunderstorms is the front ____ front ( sometimes called the first gust)
Gust
The two largest thunderstorms are the multi _____and the _____cell thunderstorms
Cell and super
The most common places where______ occur are in the great plains in particularly in the states of _____,____, and ____.
Super cells, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas
Tornadoes are _____________found below _________
Violently rotating columns of air, cumulonimbus clouds
Tornadoes are rated using the _________that scale which is a measure of _____
Enhanced Fujita, wind speed
The minimum f-category Wind speed is ____knots, the maximum f-category wind speed is over ____ knots
57, over 174
A tornado over water is called _______
Water spout
Hail is created when water freezes and then repeatedly _____and ____and grows larger through ______ during cycle until falling out of the cloud
Rises, falls, accretion
The size of a hailstone depends on how strong the ______wind is
Vertical
He’ll can be formed from both _____and ____ice
Rain and snow
Lightning is __________
The visible electric charge produced by a thunderstorm
Each lightning strike has a voltage of up to _______ volts
1,000,000v/meter
You can estimate distance from your position to the position of the lightning strike by counting ______because sound moves at ___seconds per mile
Seconds, 5
The three levels of circulation scale in order or size, smallest to largest, and are in size roughly:
A. Microscale 0.1-1 nm
B. Mesoscale 1-1000nm
C. Macroscale 1,000-10,000 nm
