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Chapter 7-9 > Chapter 7-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

A tornado is an example of_______circulation

A

Microscale

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2
Q

A land sea breeze is an example of _________ circulation

A

Mesoscale

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3
Q

The jetstream is an example of________circulation

A

Macroscale

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4
Q

The deflection of air flow due to Coriolis force coupled with_________ creates most of the surface wind patterns over the earth surface

A

Global circulation

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5
Q

The three cells that circulate in the northern hemisphere or, in order, from the equator to the North pole

A

a.Hadley cell
b.Farrell cell
C.polar cell

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6
Q

The general circulation of the Hadley cell produces wind known as the________

A

North easterly Tradewinds

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7
Q

In the northern hemisphere, at the southern end of the polar and Hadley cell circulation, The air ____ while at the northern end of the ferrel cell circulation, the air _____

A

Rises, Rises

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8
Q

ITCZ is an acronym for

A

Intertropical convergence zone

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9
Q

The sub tropical latitudes -30° north and south are areas where the cells closest to the ________ and cells just above 30° _______ and ______Will have descending air circulation

A

Equator
North
South

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10
Q

The Monsoon circulation is a _________circulation and is generally 5000 ______

A

Macroscale , nautical miles

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11
Q

Global circulation is a combination of ________ and ________ circulations

A

General and monsoon

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12
Q

The primary source of energy for the development of hurricanes is ________ and _______

A

Heat and moisture at the ITCZ

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13
Q

The letter L indicates an area of ____ pressure and the letter H indicates an area of _____Pressure

A

Low and high

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14
Q

In the northern hemisphere, the circulation toward a center of low pressure is_________ while the circulation around a center of high pressure is __________

A

Counterclockwise and clockwise

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15
Q

The three high pressure areas that dominate most of the US weather patterns are the north American high, The pacific high, and the high-pressure center in the Atlantic called the________

A

Bermuda high

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16
Q

Globally, excluding the low pressures of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows, the greatest region of the low pressure is generally over the _______

A

ITCZ

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17
Q

The jetstream is a fast-moving current of air that runs along the boundary area between_______ masses to the north and______Masses to the south

A

Cold air and warm air

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18
Q

The jetstream usually occurs at altitudes from approximately_________ to approximately_______(altitudes)

A

24,000 feet.MSL and 50,000 feet.MSL

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19
Q

There are sometimes to jet streams, one will be along the_____ Front, the other Will be very near the_______ at about________North latitude

A

Polar, equator, 25°C-30°C

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20
Q

Most of the precipitation in the world occurs due to the convergence of moist air masses and lifting caused by
A.
B.
C.

A

A.orographic lifting
B.frontal lifting
C.convective lifting

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21
Q

One of the areas most affected by excessive precipitation due to orographic lifting is _______india , near the ________ of the ______where rain falls exceeds ___ inches of rain each year

A

Cherrapunji
Southern edge
Himalayas
1000

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22
Q 
Inter-annual variations in weather or due to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A

A.changes in ocean water temperature
B.long term oscillations in equatorial winds
C.fluctuations in solar output
D.interception of solar radiation from plumes of volcanic ash
E. Variation in Earth’s tilt (22°C-24.5°C)

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23
Q

El Niño ~ is an example of ________

A

Inter-annual variation

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24
Q

Extra tropical cyclones are _________ on a microscale level.

A

Low-pressure disturbances

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25
Q

Extra tropical cyclones draw ______ from temperature_______across the polar front.

A

Energy, differences

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26
Q

Extra tropical cyclones are also known as ______Lows and frontal _______

A

Frontal, cyclones

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27
Q

Areas of low pressure have lifespans of only a few ______ and are generally much smaller then macroscale circulations

A

Days

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28
Q

Air mass source regions are the places where_________ are________ and winds are ______

A

Surface conditions
Homogenous
Light

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29
Q

Source region categories are A.____B._____C.____

And if formed over land are called _____
Or, if over oceans, are called ______

A

A. Arctic
B. Polar
C. Tropical

Continental, maritime

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30
Q

The upper Air Portion of the _____ front deals with associated development such as _______, ridges , troposphere and jet

A

Polar
Troughs
Streams

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31
Q

The current model, the_____ Front model for predicting weather was developed in the 1910-1920s

A

Polar

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32
Q

An air mass as uniform _______characteristics

A

Temperature

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33
Q

Air masses are also identified by relative ______and moisture______

A

Temperatures and characteristics

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34
Q

A front is a ______between two air masses

A

Difference

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35
Q

Stable air masses tend to have these characteristics
A.(wind)________
B.(clouds)________
C.(visibility)______

A

A.light to none
B. Status
C. Poor

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36
Q 
The four types of fronts are
A.
B.
C.
D.
A

A. Cold front
B. Warm front
C. Stationary front
D. occluded front

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37
Q

The boundary region of advancing Air mass is called the frontal

A

Zone

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38
Q 
The four stages of the wave frontal development that occur in the polar model are, in order
A.
B.
C.
D.
A

A. Pre-development stage
B. Incipient stage
C. Occluded stage
D. Dissipating stage

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39
Q

Regardless of the type of front, when the front moves, cold air will force____, _____ air aloft

A

Warm, moist

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40
Q

Usually, compared to a warm front frontal zone, The slope of a cold front frontal zone will be_____

A

Steeper

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41
Q

The width of a surface frontal zone can vary from_____ up to ____

A

.5 NM up to 100 NM

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42
Q

Weather has her it’s common to frontal zones are ______and ____

A

Turbulence and windshear

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43
Q

Extra tropical cyclone development occurs because there is an ______of solar energy at the ____and A _______at the polls which cause a temperature gradient that is concentrated in the ______front

A

Excess, equator, deficit, polar

44
Q

The difference in temperature creates frontal cyclones that produce hazards such as
A.
B.
C.

A

A. Clear air turbulence
B. Icing
C. Windshear

45
Q

Knowing where Fronts are allows the smart aviator to avoid ______and take it advantage of favorable______

A

Problem areas and winds

46
Q

Climatology plays an important role in frontal zone development such as in the winter when_______ our next to Cold continents, such as in the north American continent in the areas off US_______,______

A

Warm oceans

East coast, golf of Mexico

47
Q

Another factor that produces low pressure areas is cyclogenesis which can occur in the areas east of the ______mountains

A

Rocky

48
Q

wave cyclones describe weather patterns that initially start as straight lines of equal pressure but due to pressure and wind distort into pressure patterns that resemble _______

A

Cyclones

49
Q

As the weight cyclone develops, the entire Hermas will usually move _____at a speed of ___to ___kn

A

Northeast, 15 to 25 kn

50
Q

As a result of the wave pattern, there will be two areas of cold air that sandwich and area of warm air which is called the ____

A

Warm sector

51
Q

Wind patterns near cyclonic waves often have a windshear. A windshear is a _________________ over a_____.

A

Change in windspeed/direction. Distance

52
Q

A cyclonic windshear occurs across an area of ____pressure. An anti-cyclonic Windshear occurs across an area of _____pressure

A

Low, high

53
Q

Sometimes you may be able to see the wind shear by observing cloud movements. Typically, you may see low altitude clouds moving from the _____ and middle and upper clouds moving from the_____

A

Northwest and southwest

54
Q

The approach of a warm front often can be seen in the progression of clouds in cloud types: the order of clouds are:
A. C.
B. D. E.

A 
A. Cirrus (CI)
B. Cirrostratus (CS)
C. Altostratus (AS)
D. Nimbostratus (NS)
E. Stratus (ST)
55
Q

Along with the clouds, warm fronts usually will have three common weather features
A.
B.
C.

A

A.Fog
B.Poor visibility
C.continuous precipitation

56
Q

As the low defense, the trailing cold air mass will accelerate and make the front become and_____(where the two cold air components join and push the warm air aloft)

A

Occluded front

57
Q 
The five stages of a frontal wave cyclone are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A 
A.pre-development stage
B.incipient (wave cyclone)   
   stage 
C. Deepening stage
D. Occluded stage, and the
E. Dissipating stage
58
Q

A low-pressure system in the upper atmosphere is called a_____

A

Trough

59
Q

An occluded low at the surface usually corresponds with a _____aloft

A

Closed low

60
Q

The greatest winds around an extratropical cyclone occur _____ near the tropopause. these winds are called the ______

A

A loft and jet streak

61
Q

In the troposphere, the polar front jetstream is on the edge of the _________, and looking downstream, the coldest air will be on the ______

A

Coldest air, left

62
Q

Cloud formations along extratropical cyclones occur due to rising air along fronts and due to _____winds around cyclones.

A

Converging

63
Q

When sufficient moisture is present, clouds will form due to___________ in stable air masses and_________ and_______ in unstable air masses

A

Contact cooling, service heating, convection

64
Q

The types of clouds normally associated with a cold front are__________ and______clouds, while the types of clouds associated with a warm front are a. ___b.____c._____d.____

A 
Cumulous, cumulonimbus 
A.nimbostratus(NS)
B.altostratus(AS)
C.cumulostratus(CS), And occasionally, in overrunning warm fronts you may also encounter
D.Low visibility
65
Q

Warm fronts normally produce _____precipitation, precipitation induced, ____and ____clouds

A

Steady, fog, stratiform

66
Q

Cold fronts normally produce _______precipitation and ________ clouds

A

Showery, cumuliform

67
Q

A tropical cyclone is a ________cyclone circulation which, in the most intense form, becomes a________

A

Mesoscale, hurricane

68
Q

Hurricanes are noted for three characteristics:
A.
B.
C.

A

A. Strong convection
B. Exceptionally strong winds
C. Torrential rains

69
Q

The evolution of hurricanes occur in stages as a measure of wind speed, the first stage is called a tropical disturbance.the next three stages are:
A. _____ b._____ c._____

A

A.tropical depression
B. Tropical storm, and finally a
C.Hurricane

70
Q

The minimum speed of a category one hurricane is, _____the minimum speed of a category five hurricane is _______

A

64 kn, 135 kn

71
Q

The center of the hurricane is called the ___and the clouds immediately adjacent to the _____are called the ______clouds

A

Eye, eye, wall

72
Q

The structure of the hurricane is, from that I outward, a series of spiral band also called ______Interspersed with wall clouds. The air moves _____ in the area of spiral bands and _______between spiral bands.

A

Rain bands, upward, downward

73
Q

Winds at the very top of a hurricane flow ______

A

Outward

74
Q

In addition to high winds and excessive precipitation, along coastal regions hurricanes cause the greatest damage due to the _____ surge

A

Storm

75
Q

The region of strongest winds around a hurricane (in the northern hemisphere) are in the _______quadrant of the storm system.

A

Right front

76
Q

Weather warnings about hurricanes are time based. A hurricane watch is issued when a hurricane is more than _____ away (time), and a hurricane warning is issued when a hurricane is less then ______away (time)

A

1day , 24 hours

77
Q

Thunderstorms form as a result of dry _____

A

Convection

78
Q

The conditions that create a thunderstorm are called_______, which describes the condition when_____

A

Super adiabatic,

LR> 3°C/1000’

79
Q

A very small disturbance similar to a thunderstorm, but smaller in scale, is a_____. A classic example ___of a is a world wind or dust devil, ___________

A

Thermal, thermal, wind speed = 20-50knots

80
Q

A dust devil is __ to ___ in diameter, May last as long as __minutes and may rise up to _____ft. ____ in altitude

A

5 to 100ft , 300ft , AGL

81
Q 
Terrain favorable to creating dust Devils are
A.
B.
C.
D.
A

A.dry fields
B.parking lot
C.runways
D paved roads

82
Q 
Terrain unfavorable to creating dust Devils are 
A.
B.
C.
D.
A

A. Forested areas
B. Cool bodies of water
C. Irrigated fields
D. Ground dampened by rain

83
Q

Hey definition of a thunderstorm is a ____ storm produced by a ______ cloud always accompanied by _____ and _____

A

Local, Cumulonimbus, lightning, thunder

84
Q

The two types of thunderstorms her ordinary or ______thunderstorm and the ____ thunderstorm. The difference is in the severity of the ______ each type of thunderstorm produces

A

Air mass , severe, weather

85
Q 
Thunderstorms produce the weather hazards
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.      G.
A 
A. Wind gusts of 50kn +
B.hail 3/4" or more
C.lightning
D.precipitation induced downdraft
E. Tornadoes
F. Updrafts
G. Windshear
86
Q

Normally an air mass or single-cell thunderstorm will Last ______ while a super cell thunderstorm will last for _______

A

One hour or less, 2 hours+

87
Q

The three stages of a thunderstorm, and the horizontal distances are

A.
B.
C.

A

A. Cumulous stage 3-5 mi
B. mature stage 5-10mi
C. Dissipating stage 5-7mi

88
Q

Most of the air movement upward occurs in the____stage and clouds can reach heights in excess of______in ___minutes

A

Cumulous,
20,000ft
15 mins

89
Q

During this ___stage, air is moving up and down in vertical circulations of increasing intensity where the downward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm while the upward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm

A

Mature, base,top

90
Q

The indication that a thunderstorm has reached the mature stage is when ______begins to fall on the base of the clouds

A

Precipitation

91
Q

Thunderstorms reach greatest intensity during the _____ stage

A

Mature

92
Q

Most of the precipitation of thunderstorm occurs in the ______ stage and most of the air movement is_______

A

Dissipating, downward

93
Q

A rough estimate of the movement of a thunderstorm is the measuring of ____foot winds (700mb)

A

10,000

94
Q

A particular hazard of thunderstorms is the front ____ front ( sometimes called the first gust)

A

Gust

95
Q

The two largest thunderstorms are the multi _____and the _____cell thunderstorms

A

Cell and super

96
Q

The most common places where______ occur are in the great plains in particularly in the states of _____,____, and ____.

A

Super cells, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas

97
Q

Tornadoes are _____________found below _________

A

Violently rotating columns of air, cumulonimbus clouds

98
Q

Tornadoes are rated using the _________that scale which is a measure of _____

A

Enhanced Fujita, wind speed

99
Q

The minimum f-category Wind speed is ____knots, the maximum f-category wind speed is over ____ knots

A

57, over 174

100
Q

A tornado over water is called _______

A

Water spout

101
Q

Hail is created when water freezes and then repeatedly _____and ____and grows larger through ______ during cycle until falling out of the cloud

A

Rises, falls, accretion

102
Q

The size of a hailstone depends on how strong the ______wind is

A

Vertical

103
Q

He’ll can be formed from both _____and ____ice

A

Rain and snow

104
Q

Lightning is __________

A

The visible electric charge produced by a thunderstorm

105
Q

Each lightning strike has a voltage of up to _______ volts

A

1,000,000v/meter

106
Q

You can estimate distance from your position to the position of the lightning strike by counting ______because sound moves at ___seconds per mile

A

Seconds, 5

107
Q

The three levels of circulation scale in order or size, smallest to largest, and are in size roughly:

A

A. Microscale 0.1-1 nm
B. Mesoscale 1-1000nm
C. Macroscale 1,000-10,000 nm

Chapter 7-9 (1 decks)

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