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Biology 121 Exam #3 > Chapter 7, 8- Energy and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 7, 8- Energy and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown

Releases energy

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds up

Stores energy

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3
Q

ATP stands for what?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

Short term storage of chemical energy

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5
Q

Process of oxidation of glucose?

A

Waste products= CO2 and water
55% to ATP
45% to waste (metabolic heat)

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6
Q

ReDox Reactions

Oxidation includes what?

A

Loss of electrons and/ or H+

Gain of oxygen

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7
Q

ReDox Reactions

Reduction (opposite of oxidation) includes what?

A

Gain of electrons and/ or H+

Loss of oxygen

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8
Q

ReDox Reactions

What is true about reduction?

A

Reactions are always coupled

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9
Q

Respiration is what?

A

An ATP- generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is:
Oxygen=
Inorganic ion=
Organic molecule=

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10
Q

Respiration

In ATP, oxygen equals what?

A

Aerobic respiration

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11
Q

Respiration

In ATP, inorganic ion is what?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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12
Q

Respiration

In ATP, organic molecule equals what?

A

Fermentation

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of high- energy phosphates

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14
Q

Phosphorylation

Two types?

A

Substrate- level

Oxidative

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15
Q

Phosphorylation

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Transfer of high energy electrons from organic molecules through the electron transport chain to produce ATP by chemiosmosis.

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16
Q

Photophosphorylation is what?

A

Production of ATP from the energy of light

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17
Q

Catabolism

Phosphorylation is what?

A

Addition of high energy phosphate group to a chemical compound

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18
Q

Phosphorylation 1

Most compounds are phosphorylated (energized or activated) just before what?

A

Cleavage reactions

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19
Q

Phosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation is what?

A

Transfer of high energy energy phosphate from substrate directly to ADP to produce ATP

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20
Q

Catabolism: Overview

Glucose= how many carbons?

A

6 carbons

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21
Q

Catabolism: Overview

“PGAL (2x3 carbons” Which step in the sequence is this?

A

2nd

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22
Q

Catabolism: Overview

“Pyruvate (pyruvic acid, 2x3 carbons)”

Which step in the sequence is this?

A

3rd

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23
Q

Catabolism: Overview

Glucose
PGAL
Pyruvate

Which process is this?

A

Glycolysis in cytoplasm

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24
Q

Catabolism: Overview

“Acetyl CoA (2x2 carbons)”

Which step in the sequence is this?

A

4th

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25
Q

Catabolism: Overview

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid, 2x3 carbons)
Acetyl CoA (2x2 carbons)

Which process is this?

A

Pyruvate Conversation (mitochondria)

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26
Q

Where Does the Food Go?

What is the sequence that goes along with this slide?

A 
Glucose
PGAL
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Kreb’s Cycle
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27
Q

What are the enzymes that break down proteins?

A

Proteases

Peptidases

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28
Q

Where Does the Food Go?

Where do amino acids go?

A

Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Kreb’s Cycle

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29
Q

Where Does the Food Go?

Carbohydrates get broken into monosaccharides which get broken into what?

A

Glucose

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30
Q

Where Does the Food Go?

Fats get broken down into glycerol and what?

A

Fatty acids

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31
Q

Where Does the Food Go?

Fats get broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, then go where?

A

PGAL

Acetyl CoA

32
Q

Anabolism
The Nature of Light

A photon is what?

A

Energy packet

33
Q

Anabolism
The Nature of Light

Wavelength is measured in what?

A

hv

34
Q

Anabolism
The Nature of Light

Shorter hv means?

A

Higher energy

35
Q

Anabolism
The Nature of Light

Longer hv means?

A

Lower energy

36
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Valence electrons=

A

Outer cloud

37
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Ground state=

A

Lowest energy

38
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Excited=

A

Elevated energy (unstable)

39
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Valence electron is raised to a higher (excited) energy level, but this is unstable, so what will the electron do?

A

Drop back to its original level

40
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Valence electron drops to its original level and it releases energy as a lower energy (longer wavelength) photon of light. If immediate, it is called what?

A

Fluorescence

41
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Valence electron drops to its original level and it releases energy as a lower energy (longer wavelength) photon of light. If delayed, it is called what?

A

Phosphorescence

42
Q

Photonic Effects in Molecules

Valence electron drops to its original level and it releases energy as a lower energy (longer wavelength) photon of light. OR the electron may jump from the original (now reduced), transferring the energy to?

A

Another molecule

43
Q

Energy Absorbing Pigments

Chlorophyll a and b characteristics include:

A

Magnesium in porphyrin ring
Frying pan shape with phytol tail
In green plants, algae, Cyanobacteria

44
Q

Energy Absorbing Pigments

Chlorophyll a and b characteristics:

A

Absorbs blue, red; reflects green light

45
Q

Energy Absorbing Pigments

Carotenoids:
Absorb which colors?

A

Blue and violet

46
Q

Energy Absorbing Pigments

Carotenoids:
Reflect which colors?

A

Red
Orange
Yellow

47
Q

Energy Absorbing Pigments

Carotenoids:
Bacteriorhodopsin create which pigment?

A

Purple pigment

48
Q

Chloroplasts

Chlorophyll reside where?

A

In thylakoid membrane

49
Q

Chloroplasts

Thylakoids are arranged in?

A

Granna

50
Q

Chloroplasts

Granna is collected in what?

A

Chloroplast stroma

51
Q

Chloroplasts

Granna is collected in the chloroplast stroma surrounded by what?

A

Double membrane

52
Q

Chloroplasts

Contain what (in the picture)?

A

Vacuole

Nucleus

53
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Cyclic:

Light strikes chlorophyll
Dislodged electron transferred to?

A

Acceptor

54
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Cyclic:

Light strikes chlorophyll
Dislodged electron transferred to acceptor
Electron returned, makes how much ATP?

A

1 ATP

55
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Cyclic:

Light strikes chlorophyll
Dislodged electron transferred to acceptor
Electron returned, makes how much 1 ATP?
Found only in which species?

A

Bacteria

56
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Non- Cyclic:

Light- dependent reactions:
Captures light, makes what?

A

ATP

57
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Non- Cyclic:

Light- dependent reactions:
Captures light, makes ATP
Involves photosystems - and - ?

A

1

2

58
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Non- Cyclic:

Light- independent reactions:
Uses what to make glucose?

A

ATP

59
Q

Photo phosphorylation 1
Non- Cyclic:

Light- independent reactions:
Uses ATP to make glucose
Aka?

A

Calvin- Benson Cycle

60
Q

Calvin- Benson Cycle Summary

CO2 is fixed to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP); this produces how many PGA molecules?

A

2

61
Q

Calvin- Benson Cycle Summary

Two PGA convert to ? PGAL?

A

2

62
Q

Calvin- Benson Cycle Summary

PGAL:
Most PGAL regenerates RuBP
Some PGAL does what?

A

Splits off

63
Q

Calvin- Benson Cycle Summary

For every six cycles, 2 PGAL produces what?

A

A single molecule of glucose

64
Q

Photosynthesis:
The Ultimate Summary

CO2 + H2O—

A

O2 (oxygen)

65
Q

From Whence the Food?

Carbon source:
Carbon dioxide=

A

Autotroph

66
Q

From Whence the Food?

Carbon source:
Carbon dioxide= autotroph
Organic carbon=

A

Heterotroph

67
Q

From Whence the Food?

Energy source:
Light=

A

Phototroph

68
Q

From Whence the Food?

Energy source:
Light= phototroph
Chemical bonds=

A

Chemotroph

69
Q

Nutritional Groups 1

Photo autotrophs:
Oxygenic- produce what?

A

O2 (oxygen)

70
Q

Nutritional Groups 1

Photo autotrophs:
Anoxygenic:
Require (blank) conditions

A

Anaerobic

71
Q

Nutritional Groups 1

Photoheterotrophs are what only?

A

Anoxygenic

72
Q

Nutritional Groups 2

Chemoautotrophs:
What do they use as energy sources?

A 
H2S 
Elemental sulfur 
Ammonia (NH4+)
Nitrite (NO2-)
H2
Ferrous ions (Fe++)
73
Q

Nutritional Groups 3

Chemoheterotrophs:
Most common
Glucose as both what?

A

Energy and carbon source

74
Q

Nutritional Groups 3

Chemoheterotrophs:
Saprophytes- live on what?

A

Dead, organic matter

75
Q

Nutritional Groups 3

Chemoheterotrophs:
Parasites- do what to living hosts?

A

Live in OR on

Biology 121 Exam #3 (1 decks)

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