Chapter 7 & 8

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

sugars are dissolved into water and exposed to air, alcohol & carbon dioxide by the action of various yeasts, molds, or bacteria on carbohydrates.
Fermented beverages don’t contain about 15% alcohol. The percentage of ethanol depends on sugar-containing substance used (grapes are used, grape juice ferments to wine; when grains are used, fermentation produces beer)

Question 2

Distillation

Answer 2

developed to INCREASE ethanol content of fermented beverages
process of heating a fermented mixture to increase alcohol content— for hard liquor

Question 3

Temperance Movement `

Answer 3

(19th century) America expanded westwards
saloon–aggressive men exploited other men and women)
Temperance Movement reborn against consumption of alcoholic beverages

Question 4

Prohibition

Answer 4

1920’s - 18th amendment to the constitution banning the sale of alcohol
-widespread disrespect for prohbition laws led to lawless behavior
21st amendment- repealed prohibition in 1933

Question 5

Epidemiology of AUDs in the U.S.

Answer 5

twice as common in men than women

7. 4-7.7% for past year
8. 2-23.5% for lifetime

Question 6

Alcohol Prevalence in The US`

Answer 6

Alcohol Prevale  nce in the US90% ever drank
65% current drinkers
70% men and 60% women
>40%  report temporary problems
10-20% alcohol abuse
5-15% dependence (lifetime)

Question 7

Heavy Drinking in the US

Answer 7

bingeing 4/5 cutoff in 2 hours
bingeing regularly (1-2 x a week)
Almost 7% of the national sample reported heavy drinking in the last month (3 x more men than women)
15% of 18-25 yr olds reported heavy drinking (heaviest among white males)

Question 8

Alcohol Sites of Action

Answer 8

Alcohol affects cell membranes, all neurochemical systems, and all endocrine systems

• Depresses the CNS
• Dissolves in all lipid membranes, disrupting the normal chemical actions that occur and alters the cell membranes’ anatomy by entering their internal structure
• reduced efficiency of conduction of neural impulses along axons, reducing the action potential amplitude that reaches the synapse

Question 9

Alcohol Pharmacology

Answer 9

nhances the inhibitory effect of GABAAt high doses, it blocks the effects of the excitatory transmitter glutamate

Question 10

Alcohol Half-Life

Answer 10

Metabolism of alcohol is relatively constant
10-14ml of pure alcohol an hour
or about 1 drink an hour (~.015g/dl)
Thus, the half-life of alcohol is NOT fixed
It depends entirely on the dose

Question 11

Pylorospasm

Answer 11

The shutting down of the pylorus valve that occurs in some people when they drink very large quantities of alcohol
Natural defense against a person becoming a heavy drinker

Only 10-20% of alcohol in the stomach is absorbed therefore large amounts of alcohol may remain in the stomach unabsorbed when pylorospasm occurs

Question 12

1 standard drink

Answer 12

0.5 ounces of alcohol = a standard drink
This is 
1 oz of whiskey (90-100 proof)
12 oz of (4% alcohol beer)
4 oz of wine (12% alcohol)

Question 13

BAC

Answer 13

concentration of alcohol in the body from its concentration in the blood—amount of alcohol in the bloodstream
BAC rises quickly and then more gradually returns to zero after drinking stops; Time is important factor in determing BAC.
Alcohol is metabolized general at a constant amount over a given time, regardless of amount drunk

Question 14

Disulfiram

Answer 14

treatment of alchol interferes with the metabolism of alcohol so that people soon feel very ill if they drink while on a regimen of disulfiram; the drug may be used as part of a treatment program for alcohol dependence

Question 15

Alcohol Detoxification

Answer 15

treatment of alcohol withdrawal without the use of medicine