Chapter 7/8 Flashcards
What do the endocrine and nervous system work together to do?
To maintain homeostasis
What is the study of the nervous system
Neurology
What is in the CNS
Brain and spinal cord
What is in the PNS
Cranial nerves & spinal nerves
What are the PNS subdivisions?
Somatic (voluntary), Autonomic (involuntary) and Enteric (involuntary)
Are sensory neurons Afferent or Efferent? Do they carry signals to or from the brain?
Afferent, To brain
Are motor neurons Afferent or Efferent? Do they carry signals to or from the brain?
Efferent, Away from brain
Name the three parts of a neuron
Dendrite, cell body/soma, Axon
What’s the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal Cells
function of Astrocytes
To support and protect neurons, they play a role in memory and learning.
function of Oligodendrocytes and location
Forms and maintains myelin in the CNS
Function of microglia
Remove cellular debris
Function of Ependymal cells
Line the ventricles of brain and spinal cord, forming blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Schwann cell function and location
Produce myelin sheath around axon in the PNS. Axon regeneration
Satellite cell function
Flat cells surrounding PNS ganglia
What’s myelination
Process of ensheathing axons with myelin
What’s a nerve and where’s it found
A bundle of axons in the PNS
What’s a tract and where’s it found
A bundle of axons in the CNS
What type of axons does gray matter contain
UNmyelinated axons
What type of axons does white matter contain
MYELINATED axons
What is action potential and what’s another name for it
AKA nerve impulse, is the electrical signal that travels along a neuron, allowing it to communicate with other cells.
What is continuous conduction? Fast or slow? Is myelin present?
•Step-by-step DEPOLARIZATION of each part of the axon
•Unmyelinated
•Slowly
What is saltatory conductions. Fast or slow? Is myelin present?
•Nerve impulse leaps/jumps from one node of Ranvier to another
•Myelinated
•Fast
What are the factors that affect the speed of propagation
Amount of myelin, Axon diameter, Temperature
What are 2 types of synapses
Electrical and Chemical
What is the most important neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Name four functions of muscular tissue
Producing body movements, Stabilizing body positions, moving substances in the body, and generating heat
4 properties of muscular tissue
Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity
3 types of muscular tissue
Skeletal, cardiovascular, smooth
Is skeletal muscle striated or non striated? Voluntary or involuntary?
Striated, voluntary.
How does muscle growth occur
Hypertrophy
What is the cell membrane called that surrounds a myocyte?
Sarcolemma
What are thin filaments called
Actin
What are thick filaments called
Myosin
What is the outermost layer of muscle tissue
Epimysium
What is the innermost layer of muscle tissue
Filaments - thin and thick
What is the order of muscle tissue (E, P, F, MF, M, F)
Epimysium, Perimysium, Fascicle, Muscle Fibre, Myofibril, Filament
What is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscles
Fascia
What is a cord that attaches a muscle to a bone
Tendon
What is aponeurosis
Broad, flattened tendon (forehead)
When ACh (acetylcholine) binds to a receptor, what happens
It causes an action potential. the AP triggers the release of calcium which binds to actin and myosin, causing a muscle contraction.
What does Anticholinesterase do
Degrades ACh to slow muscle movement down
What do red muscle fibres have a high content of? What contractions does it make?
Myoglobin, mitochondria, blood capillaries. Slow weak contractions
What does white muscles have a low content of? What contractions does it produce?
Low content of myoglobin. Fast strong contractions
What is an example of muscle tone
Keeping the head from slumping forward on the chest
What does botulinum toxin block
Blocks the release of ACh
What does Curare do
Causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors
What contributes to muscle striation
Filaments
What type of nerve creates an action potential that causes muscle contraction
Somatic motor neuron
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Cytoplasm
Where is smooth muscle tissue found
Walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways, and many hollow organs)
Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated
Non-striated
Which type of muscular tissue has the highest capacity to regenerate
Smooth muscle (because they retain their ability to divide)
Which type of muscular tissue has the most limited regenerative abilities
Skeletal muscle
What happens to your skeletal muscle when you age
Slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, decreased strength, slowed muscle reflexes, less flexibility, more red than white muscle fibres appear to increase
What do muscle contractions need to occur
Calcium
6 functions of bones
Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
How many bones are there
206
What is the epiphysis
Proximal and distal ends
What is the diaphysis
Main shaft
What is the medullary cavity
Central hollow space containing yellow bone marrow
What is articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces
