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Chapter 7/8 astronomy atoms and spectra > Chapter 7/8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms are mostly empty space.

A

True

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2
Q

An atom that has gained one or more electrons is called an isotope

A

false

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3
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus determines which element it is.

A

true

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4
Q

The amount of energy needed to pull an electron completely away from the nucleus is called the
Coulomb energy

A

false

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5
Q

The lowest permitted energy level of an atom is called the neutral state

A

false

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6
Q

A certain type of atom can only absorb certain wavelengths.

A

true

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7
Q

If you move an electron from the ground state to a higher energy level, the atom becomes an excited
atom

A

true

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8
Q

The Kelvin temperature scale is based on the freezing point of water

A

false

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9
Q

A hot object that is glowing orange will become redder as it cools.

A

true

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10
Q

in blackbody radiation, short-wavelength and long-wavelength photons are rare.

A

true

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11
Q

Small differences in temperature between two stars produce small differences in the amount of energy they radiate

A

false

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12
Q

If absorption lines of sodium are not present in a star’s spectrum, the star must not contain any sodium

A

false

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13
Q

A continuous spectrum is created by a hot ionized gas

A

false

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14
Q

An absorption spectrum is created when blackbody radiation is passes through a cool gas

A

true

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15
Q

The agitation of atoms in a hot body creates a continuous spectrum of radiation

A

true

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16
Q

An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons is called a(n)

A

ion

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17
Q

A neutral atom must have ____

A

An equal number of protons and electrons

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18
Q

Most of the mass of an atom is

A

Concentrated in the Nucleus

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19
Q

The particle in an atom that carries a negative charge is the

A

Electron

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20
Q

The binding energy is the amount of energy

A

needed to pull an electron completely away from the Atom

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21
Q

The arrangement of permitted orbits is

A

Unique for each element

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22
Q

The type of element is determined by the number of

A

Protons in the atom

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23
Q

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called

A

isotopes

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24
Q

An atom must emit a photon when a

A

Electon moves from a higher to a lower energy level

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25
Q

The amount of energy needed to move an electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level is
the ____.

A

Difference in energy between two levels

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26
Q

Photons of light can be absorbed by an atom of an element ____.

A

if they match one of several possible wavelengths that are absorbed by that element

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27
Q

The type of elements present in a gas can be determined by studying the ___

A

wavelengths of photons absorbed or emitted from the gas

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28
Q

Blackbody radiation is caused by an object’s ___

A

temperature

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29
Q

As a blackbody becomes hotter it will radiate ____.

A

more energy, at a shorter wavelength of maximum intensit

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30
Q

An object that acts as a blackbody emits photons because ____

A

atoms in the object collide, changing the motion of charged particle

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31
Q

According to Wien’s Law, a(n) ____

A

hotter object will emit more short wavelength (bluer) radiation

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32
Q

Using Wien’s law, you can measure the ____ of a distant object without having to travel to it

A

temperature

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33
Q

The star Betelgeuse appears red; the star Rigel appears blue. What accounts for this difference

A

It’s cooler on betelgeuse

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34
Q

If the photons from blackbody radiator radiation pass through a cool gas, a(n) ____ spectrum is
produced

A

absorption

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35
Q

The photons coming from blackbody radiation create a(n) ____ spectrum

A

continuous

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36
Q

The photons coming from an excited gas create a(n) ____ spectrum

A

emission

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37
Q

A spectrum that displays a smooth variation in intensity of all wavelengths without any breaks is a(n

A

continuous

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38
Q

A spectrum that displays a smooth variation in intensity over a range of wavelengths with breaks
where no energy is observed at specific wavelengths is a(n) ____ spectrum

A

absorption

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39
Q

A spectrum that displays no energy except at very specific wavelengths where intense radiation is
observed is a(n) ____ spectrum

A

emission

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40
Q

star like the Sun emits a(n) ____ spectrum

A

absorption

41
Q

The Doppler effect is useful in measuring the ____

A

motion of an object toward or away from the observer

42
Q

The wavelength of maximum intensity is useful in measuring the __

A

surface temp.

43
Q

The position of an absorption or emission line is useful in determining the ____

A

chemical composition of an object

44
Q

Emission lines are produced by ____.

A

electrons that transfer from a high energy level to a low energy level

45
Q

Absorption lines are produced by ____

A

Electrons that transfer from a low energy level to high energy level

46
Q

A continuous spectrum is produced by ___

A

the intensity of agitation of atoms in a hot gas

47
Q

A shift in the position of an emission line of an element toward the red or blue is produced by ___

A

​the motion of an object toward or away from the observe

48
Q

The _______________ is the amount of energy needed to pull an electron completely away from the
nucleus

A

Ionization energy

49
Q

A(n) _______________ is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.

A

ion

50
Q

An atom can only have orbits of certain sizes, called _______________ orbits.

A

Permitted orbits

51
Q

Physicists and astronomers usually refer to the permitted orbits of an atom as the atom’s
_______________ levels

A

energy

52
Q

The _______________ temperature scale is used in astronomy because it is based on absolute zero.

A

kelvin

53
Q

An object that is a perfect absorber and emitter of radiation is called a(n) _______________.

A

blackbody

54
Q

The _______________ effect changes the observed wavelength of an emitted photon if the source is
moving toward or away from the observer

A

doppler effect

55
Q

A(n) _______________ spectrum is produced by a hot, excited gas.

A

emission

56
Q

A hot blackbody emits a(n) _______________ spectrum

A

continuous

57
Q

An object moving away from the observer will exhibit a(n) _______________ shift due to the Doppler
effect

A

redshift

58
Q

The visible surface of the Sun is composed of solid matter.

A

false

59
Q

Granulation is caused by convection currents just below the photosphere

A

true

60
Q

The layer above the chromosphere is the photosphere

A

true

61
Q

The upper chromosphere is hot enough to emit X-rays

A

true

62
Q

The corona is so dim that it is not visible in Earth’s daytime sky

A

true

63
Q

Almost all the light we receive from the Sun escapes from underneath its photosphere

A

false

64
Q

Sunspot numbers follow a seven-year cycle

A

false

65
Q

Sunspots are parts of active solar regions dominated by magnetic fields that encompass all layers of
the Sun’s atmosphere

A

false

66
Q

Helioseismology maps of rotation in the Sun’s interior show that its internal gases rotate with equal
periods

A

false

67
Q

Sunspots tend to occur in groups, or pairs, with the magnetic field around the pair resembling that
around a bar magnet

A

true

68
Q

Spicules can trigger communications blackouts and auroras on Earth

A

false

69
Q

The Sun is a ball of hot gas held together by its own gravity

A

true

70
Q

Nuclear fusion in the Sun is tremendously powerful

A

false

71
Q

What is the average distance between the Sun and Earth?

A

1 au

72
Q

. What is the approximate average temperature of the Sun’s surface

A

. 5800o
C

73
Q

Which is the correct order of the Sun’s atmospheric layers, from the innermost to outermost

A

Photosphere, the Chromosphere, the Transition Region and the Corona.

74
Q

Which two elements are most abundant within the Sun?

A

hydrogen and helium

75
Q

What are the dark regions that give the Sun’s photosphere a mottled appearance

A

granules

76
Q

What causes granulation on the photosphere?

A

convection

77
Q

Granulation is evidence that energy in the photosphere ____.

A

is flowing upward

78
Q

The pink color of the chromosphere is produced by the combined light of three emission lines of
hydrogen: ____.

A

red, blue, violet

79
Q

Of the following parts of the Sun, which is the hottest

A

coronona

80
Q

Astronomers often record solar images in the ____ part of the electromagnetic spectrum because the
gaseous layers high in the Sun’s atmosphere are very hot and emit most of their light at short wavelengths.

A

ultraviolet

81
Q

Why does the temperature of the corona rise with latitude?

A

Atoms within the corona become more ionized at higher altitudes

82
Q

the corona can reach temperatures of up to

A

2,000,000

83
Q

What methodology do astronomers use to map the inside of the Sun

A

helioseismology

84
Q

When mapping the interior of the Sun, astronomers must measure _____ as the photosphere moves up
and down

A

doppler shifts

85
Q

When mapping the interior of the Sun, astronomers must measure _____ as the photosphere moves up
and down

A

doppler shifts

86
Q

Galileo proposed that the Sun is a rotating sphere after he

A

b. observed sunspots move across the surface of the Sun

87
Q

Astronomers refer to the dark center of a sunspot as a(n) _

A

umbra

88
Q

Astronomers can measure the magnetic fields of sunspots using the ____, which splits spectral lines
into multiple components.

A

zeeman effect

89
Q

Consider the complete magnetic cycle of sunspot activity on the Sun. Approximately how many years
is this cycle

A

11 year

90
Q

The Babcock model of the solar magnetic cycle explains the sunspot cycle as primarily a consequence
of the Sun’s ___

A

differential rotation

91
Q

When two arches in a magnetic field encounter each other, ____ can cause powerful eruptions called
____.

A

reconnection events; flares

92
Q

What occurs on the surface of the Sun during a solar cycle minimum?

A

little to no sunspot activity

93
Q

The _____ occurs when some of the energy in the convective motion of gas is converted into magnetic
field energy.

A

reconnection event

94
Q

How many nuclear reactions occur in a proton-proton chain

A

two

95
Q

Which of the natural forces bind atomic nuclei

A

strong force

96
Q

During the first reaction of the proton-proton chain of nuclear fusion, a weak force causes one of the
protons to transform into a neutron and emit ____

A

. a positron and a neutrino

97
Q

What is released from the proton-proton chain and is immediately absorbed by the surrounding gas,
thereby heating it

A

neutrinos

98
Q

In order for nuclear fusion to occur, atomic nuclei must overcome the ____ by colliding violently

A

Coulomb barrier

99
Q

Why was the Davis experiment only able to detect one-third of the neutrinos originally predicted

A

The other two-thirds of neutrinos dissipated while traveling to Earth.

Chapter 7/8 astronomy atoms and spectra (2 decks)

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