Chapter 7

Question 1

steps to film processing

Answer 1

development
rinsing
fixer
washing
drying

Question 2

exposed silver halide crystals converted into black metallic silver

Answer 2

development

Question 3

development softens the gelatin emulsion, causing emulsion to do what

Answer 3

swell, exposing the silver halide crystals to chemicals

Question 4

rinsing removes the _______ ____ and does what

Answer 4

removes alkaline developer and prolongs the life of the fixer

Question 5

removes the undeveloped/unexposed silver halide crystals from the emulsion/film; stops further film development; establishes the image permanently on the film

Answer 5

fixation

Question 6

what step hardens the emulsion?

Answer 6

fixation

Question 7

removes all chemicals left on radiograph after fixation

Answer 7

washing

Question 8

many x rays penetrate and expose many silver halide crystals

Answer 8

air/soft tissue

Question 9

fewer x rays penetrate and not as many silver halide crystals are exposed

Answer 9

bone

Question 10

few, if any xrays penetrate, silver halide crystals not exposed

Answer 10

amalgam/gold

Question 11

after removing moitsure, films can be handled for mounting

Answer 11

drying

Question 12

black top

Answer 12

developer

Question 13

red top

Answer 13

fixer

Question 14

what are the developer agents

Answer 14

hydroquinone and elon

Question 15

converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver

Answer 15

developer agents

Question 16

helps protect the developer from being oxidized by the air

Answer 16

preservative(sodium sulfite)

Question 17

provides alkaline solution needed by developer; also softens gelatin, allowing developer to reach crystals

Answer 17

activator(sodium carbonate)

Question 18

reduces effects of developer on unexposed crystals

Answer 18

restrainer(potassium bromide)

Question 19

dealing with developer solution

Answer 19

agents
preservative
activator
restrainer

Question 20

dealing with fixer solution

Answer 20

clearing agent
preservative
acidifier
hardener

Question 21

dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide crystals from emulsion

Answer 21

clearing agent(ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate)

Question 22

inhibits decomposition(oxidation) of clearing agent

Answer 22

preservative(sodium sulfite)

Question 23

neutralizes any contaminating alkali from the developer

Answer 23

acidifier(acetic acid)

Question 24

hardens and shrinks emulsion so film can be handled

Answer 24

hardener(potassium alum)

Question 25

red-orange light
limit handling to 2 and a half minutes
how many watts?
minimum distance between safelight and film is ___ ft

Answer 25

safelight
7 and a half to 15 watts
4 feet

Question 26

do automatic processors use higher temps or lower temps than manual processing

Answer 26

higher temps

Question 27

manual processing times for develop

Answer 27

4 min at 68 degrees

Question 28

manual processing times for rinse

Answer 28

30 seconds(agitate continuously)

Question 29

manual processing times for fixer

Answer 29

4 min (agitate intermittently; 5 seconds every 30 seconds)

Question 30

how many min total for manual processing

Answer 30

20 min

Question 31

manual processing time for washing

Answer 31

10 min in clean running water

Question 32

what step is taken out for automatic processing

Answer 32

rinsing between developing solution and fixing solution

Question 33

automatic processing time?

Answer 33

5 min

Question 34

degrees for at 2000

Answer 34

82 degrees