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Biology 100 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

geographic isolation separating populations

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2
Q

Sympatric

A

no geographic isolation needed to create a new species

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3
Q

Graduated model

A

Shows how a species developed over time

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4
Q

What do “trees” represent?

A

The evolutionary relationships among sets of organisms

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5
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

One way to reflect the evolution of organisms

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6
Q

Who was the first to suggest change over time?

A

Lamarck

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7
Q

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

A

Overproduction and limited resources

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8
Q

A population is…

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time that can interbreed.

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9
Q

gene pool

A

consists of all versions of all the genes carried by all the individuals in a population

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10
Q

Genetic variation in a gene pool can arise through…

A

Mutation

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11
Q

Sexual reproduction ensures that …

A

Genes are randomly mixed

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12
Q

microevolution

A

A generation-to-generation change in the gene pool

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13
Q

Changes to the genetic makeup of a population can arise via two mechanisms. What are they?

A

Mutations and sexual recombination

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14
Q

What proves that sexual reproduction leads to variation?

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Random fertilization
  3. Crossing over
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15
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals.

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16
Q

What are other mechanisms that can also contribute to evolution in gene pools?

A

– Genetic drift
– Bottleneck
– Gene flow
– Sexual selection

17
Q

Genetic drift

A

a change in a gene pool due to chance. Important in small or isolated populations

18
Q

If a population is drastically reduced in numbers, that is a…

A

bottleneck

19
Q

Gene flow

A

tends to reduce differences among gene pools.

20
Q

Sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection that depends on an individual’s ability to obtain a mate.

21
Q

nonbranching evolution

A

An ancestral population changing gradually over time

22
Q

branching evolution

A

an ancestral population splits into two or more populations.

23
Q

How many mass extinctions have been documented?

A

5

24
Q

When did the dinosaurs go extinct?

A

65 mya

25
Q

What are the highlights of the precambrian era?

A

– 4.6 bya: Earth forms
– 3.5 bya: Oldest known prokaryote
(primitive-celled) fossils
– 2.1 bya: Oldest known eukaryote (modern-
celled) fossils

26
Q

What are the highlights of the Paleozoic era?

A 
• 541 mya: Explosion in animal diversity
within the oceans
• 420 mya: Plant life begins on land
• 370 mya: Animals migrate to land
• 251 mya: Mass extinction event
27
Q

Highlights from the mesozoic era?

A

• 230 mya: First dinosaurs
• 100 mya: Flowering plants begin to
dominate the land

28
Q

Highlights from the Cenozoic era?

A

• 65 mya: Extinction of dinosaurs and
diversification of mammals
• 200,000 years ago: Appearance of anatomically modern humans

29
Q

What did Aristotle believe about a species?

A

They were immutable

30
Q

Who suggested that an old Earth had gradually changed

through slow, accumulating processes.

A

Lyell

31
Q

What two points were made in Darwin’s “Origin of the Species”?

A
  1. modern species have descended from common ancestors (evolution).
  2. natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.
32
Q

What year did the Voyage of the Beagle take place?

A

1831-1836

33
Q

Evolution by Natural Selection is decidedly…

A

non-random

34
Q

Factors that affect Natural Selection:

A
  1. overproduction and limited resources, resulting in competition
  2. Variation leading to natural selection
  3. heritability leading to evolution
35
Q

adaptation

A

the accumulation of favorable traits over time

36
Q

What areas in biology provide evidence for evolution?

A

Fossils, anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, direct observation

37
Q

How does the fossil record provide

evidence of evolution?

A

Fossil records reveal an ordered appearance of life on Earth

38
Q

Transitional forms…

A

provide evidence of change within lineages.

Biology 100 (3 decks)

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