Chapter 7 Flashcards
Positive Controls
A type of experiment treatment in which all of the conditions of the experiment are replicated plus a variable known to reliably elicit the expected results. They are used to test that the experimental setup worked as designed.
Negative Controls
A type of experimental treatment in which all conditions are replicated except the experimental variable. It’s expected to not show the condition predicted in the experimental treatment.
Molecules
The smallest unit of a substance made of two or more atoms, and retain the chemical and physical properties.
Organic Molecules (carbon-based)
Matter naturally found within organisms, composed of a carbon backbone or ring connected to atoms or other elements like oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate molecule made of 3 or more sugar or monosaccharide sub-units.
Nucleotides
A sub-unit or building block of DNA or RNA. It’s constructed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and a triphosphate group.
Vitamins
A group of organic substances essential for the metabolism of living organisms. They’re found in very small quantities of food and some are made synthetically.
Enzymes
A protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction.
Activation Energy
The smallest amount of energy necessary to allow a chemical reaction to occur.
Digestion
Processes that break down food molecules into smaller units.
Physical Digestion
The breakdown of food molecules through the movement of the mouth, stomach, and other parts of the digestive system.
Chemical Digestion
The breakdown of food molecules in the body with the help of chemical and enzymatic secretions such as stomach acid.
Mitochondria
Organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cellular respiration, releasing energy from food molecules and storing it in ATP.
Cellular Respiration
The series of chemical reactions by which a living cell breaks down food molecules and obtains energy from them.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
A compound that has 3 phosphate groups and is used by cells to store energy.
