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Childhood Development > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The roots of sociability

A

Experiencing Emotions, Social Referencing, Self Awareness, Theory of Mind, Attachment

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2
Q

Emotions in infancy

A

Wide Range, all moms 1-month express joy or interest, less for other emotions ,

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3
Q

The evolution of smiling

A

earily little meaning, 6-9 weeks smile at pleasing stimuli, social smile

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4
Q

Social smile

A

smiling in response to other individuals rather than non human stimuli, 18 m social smiling becomes for frequesnt

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5
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The caution and wariness by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person , occurs at the end of the first year because by 6-9 m infants are trying to predict and anticipate… implies the development of memory

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6
Q

Variations in stranger anxiety

A

less to females, react better to stranger children, purpose maybe survival

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7
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs, universal around cultures, begins around 7 months and peaks at 14 months, due to greater cognitive awareness and asking more questions

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8
Q

Are stranger anxiety and separation anxiety important to social progress?

A

yes

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9
Q

Decoding others facial and vocal expressions

A

4 m infants may already have begun to understand, show distress when mothers pose bland unresponsive facial expressions

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10
Q

Social referencing

A

the intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events, occurs at 8-9m, unusual toy experiment

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11
Q

Two explanations for social referencing

A
  1. observing someone elses facial expressions may evoke the same emotions in infants
  2. observation may provide information abnd infant uses it to guide behavior
    both supported, happens when situation breeds uncertainty
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12
Q

Self-Awareness

A

knowledge of ones self, 17-24 months, around the same time children begin to show awareness of their own capabilities

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13
Q

Theory of mind

A

knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior

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14
Q

Empathy

A

begin to use deception around 2 yr, basic signs of empathy at 24 months, defined as emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person

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15
Q

Forming Relationships

A

newborns bring changes to family dynamics, the process of social development is not simple or automatic but crucial, the bond that grows between infants and their parents and family provide the foundation for a lifetimes worth of social relationships.

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16
Q

Freud theory of attachment

A

stems from mothers ability to satisfy a childs oral needs

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17
Q

To understand attachment earlirer researchers studied parent child relationships in ….?

A

animals

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18
Q

Who suggested that attachment was based on biological factors?

A

Lorenz

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19
Q

Harry Harlow found what

A

food alone was not a basis for attachment, monkey spend most of their time with the cloth monkey mom

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20
Q

Human attachment

A

John Bowlby believes that attachment is primarily based on infants need for safety and security, infants learn who keeps them safe and form a bond that is different than bonds with others

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21
Q

Attachment

A

most important aspect of social development, defined as the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and an individual, feel pleasure when with them and comforted by them when in distress, affects the rest of our lives

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22
Q

Measuring attachment

A

Ainsworth strange situation : a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and usually her mother

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23
Q

Steps in “Strange Situation”

A
  1. mother and baby enter unfamiliar room
  2. mother sits down, leaving baby free to explore
  3. adult stranger enters converses with mom first then baby
    4 mother exists the room, leaving baby with stranger
  4. mother returns greeting and comforting the baby. stranger leaves.
24
Q

Securely attached pattern

A

uses mother as home base, at ease when she is present, explores independently and returns to her occasionally, when she leaves they become upset, goes to her as soon as she returns and is comforted

66% of 1-year-old infants

25
Q

Avoidant attached pattern

A

does not want to be near mom when present, seems to avoid her when she returns as if angry

20% 1-year-old infants

26
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A

first very close to mom and barely explore, when she leaves greatly distressed when she returns want to be close but also angry with her

10-15% 1-year-old infants

27
Q

Disorganized-Disoriented

A

children show inconsistent and confused behavior, may seem initially calm and then suddenly cry and angry, their confusion suggests that they may be least secure

5-10% 1-year-olds

28
Q

Long-term effects of attachment

A

secure attachment means more socially and emotionally competent
romantic relationships are later associated
internal working models of self and others effected

29
Q

Adult internal working model

A

Secure ++ Fearful – Dismissing +- Preocupied-+

30
Q

Parents and attachment

A

need to be sensitive to infants needs, be warm affectionate and responsive during face to face interactions, provide feeding on demand,

overly responsive mothers are just as likely to have insecurely attached children as under responsive mothers

31
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

response to infants is appropriate and both caregiver and child match emotional states,
mothers typically respond to infant based on their own attachment styles
resulting in substantial similarity in attachment patterns in generations
moms reaction based on infants ability to provide effective cues

32
Q

Father attachment

A

infants can form attachments to both parents, the nature of attachment is not always identical

33
Q

Temperament

A

the constellation of inborn traits that determine the childs unique behavioral style and the way he or she experiences and reacts to the world

34
Q

New York Longitudinal Study

A

began in 1956 and collected longitudinal data from over 100 children and came up with a series of attributes they called individual differences in childhood

35
Q

Ability

A

what children can do

36
Q

motivation

A

the reason why they do things

37
Q

temperament is the ______ in which children behave

A

style

38
Q

9 dimensions of temperament

A
  1. sensory threshold
  2. intensity
  3. activity level
  4. adaptability
  5. approach v withdrawal
  6. distractability
  7. persistence
  8. rhythmicity
  9. mood
39
Q

Temperament types

A

easy
difficult
slow to warm

40
Q

easy babies

A

positive disposition or mood
curious about new situations
emotions are moderate to low in intensity

41
Q

difficult babies

A

more negative emotions
slow to adapt to new situations
tend to withdraw

42
Q

slow to warm babies

A 
inactive 
relatively calm reactions to their environment 
moods generally negative 
withdraw from new situations 
adapt slowly
43
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial

A

personality is shaped primarily by infants experiences
Stage 1: trust v mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

44
Q

Behavioral Genetic Perspective

A

from birth on infants begin to show unique stable traits and behaviors that lead to their development as unique distinct individuals
temperamental traits are inherited and fairly stable throughout the entire lifespan
physiological reactions to new stimulus

45
Q

Why temperament matters

A

all children have 9 temperament traits ranging from high to low
no single type of temperament seems to be good or bad
how traits work together determines unique behavior styles

46
Q

Behavior is..

A

temperament induced

learned

47
Q

temperament triggers

A

tantrums

48
Q

high sensitivity tantrum triggers

A

over-stimulating environments
being overwhelmed
physical discomfort

49
Q

high activity tantrum triggers

A

confinement

pent-up energy

50
Q

high regularity tantrum triggers

A

hunger

fatigue

51
Q

slow adaptability tantrum triggers

A

intrusion
transitions
unexpected changes

52
Q

withdraw tantrum triggers

A

new situations
new child care provider
unexpected changes

53
Q

low persistence tantrum triggers

A

frustration

delays

54
Q

high persistance tantrum triggers

A

limits

being told “no”

55
Q

goodness-of-fit

A

a child’s long-term adjustment depends on this and the relationship between their temperament and their environment in which they are raised

56
Q

parent reactions to behavior

A

anger = more behavior problems

warmth and consistency = children who avoid later problems

Childhood Development (2 decks)

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