Chapter 7 Flashcards
Invertebrates
All animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column
Chordates
Members of the Phylum Chordata. All must have a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a long tail, and pharyngeal pouches
Notochord
Long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord
Pharyngeal pouches
Paired structures in the throat region (pharynx)
Vertebrates
Chordates with backbones
Feedback inhibition
(Negative feedback) the product or result of a process limits the process itself.
Radial symmetry
Any number of imaginary planes drawn through the center of the body can divide into equal halves
Bilateral symmetry
Single imaginary plane divides the body into left-right sides that are symmetrical
Endoderm
Innermost germ layer, developers the linings of the digestive tract and respiratory system
Mesoderm
Middle germ layer, give rise to muscles and is much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems
Ectoderm
Outermost germ layer, produces sense organs (nerves and outer layer of skin)
Coelom
A body cavity that developed within the mesoderm and is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
Pseudocoelom
Only partially lined with mesoderm
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells
Protostomes
The blastopore becomes the mouth
Deuterostomes
The blastopore becomes the anus
Caphalization
The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at their anterior end. (Head)
Appendages
Structures such as legs or antennae protruding from the body
Larvae (larva)
Immature stages
Trochophore
Free-swimming larval stage
Cartilage
A strong connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone.
Tetrapods
Four-limbed vertebrates
Anthropoids
Humanlike primates (monkeys, great apes, and humans)
Prehensile tail
Tail that can coil tightly enough around a branch to serve as a “fifth hand”
Hominoids
Great apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)
Hominines
Hominoids in the lineage that led to humans
Bipedal
Two-footed
Opposable thumb
Evolved on the hominine hand that could touch the tips of the fingers, enabling the grasping of objects and the use of tools
Intracellular digestion
Digestion of food inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to their cells by diffusion. (Sponges)
Extracellular digestion
Process in which food is broken down outside cells in a digestive system and then absorbed
Gastrovascular cavity
A single opening through which invertebrates can both ingest food and expel wastes
Digestive tract
The tube in which animals can digest foods
Rumen
Pouch like extension of their esophagus. Gives animals the ability to regurgitate food that has been partially digested in the rumen
Gills
Feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water
Lungs
Organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air
Alveoli
Bubble like structure found in the lung’s branches
Heart
Hollow muscular organ the pumps blood around the body
Open circulatory systems
Blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body. (Grasshopper)
Closed circulatory systems
Blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body
Atrium
Heart chamber that receives blood from the body
Ventricle
Heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart into the gills
Excretion
The elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia
Kidneys
Used to separate wastes and excess water from blood, forms urine
Nephridia (nephridium)
Tubelike excretory structures that filter body fluid
Malpighian tubules
Absorbed nitrogenous wastes, concentrates the waste, then adds them to digestive wastes traveling through the gut
Neurons
Specialized never cells found in the Nervous System
Stimulus
Information in an environment that causes an organism to react
Sensory neurons
Specialized cells allow animals to detect stimuli
Interneurons
Neurons that can pass information to other neurons
Response
A specific reaction to a stimulus
Motor neurons
Carry “directions” from interneurons to muscles
Ganglia
Small structures made up of groups of interneurons
Cerebrum
The “thinking” region of the brain
Cerebellum
Coordinates movement and controls balance
Hydrostatic skeleton
Consists of fluid held in a gastrovascular cavity that can alter the animal’s body shape drastically by working with contractile cells in it’s body wall.
Exoskeleton
External skeleton, hard body covering of an arthropod, made up of chitin
Molting
When Arthropoda break out of their exoskeleton and grow a new one
Endoskeleton
Structural support system within the body
Joints
Parts that connect skeleton parts together
Ligaments
Strong connective tissue helps keep bones connected
Tendon
Attaches muscles to bones
Oviparous
Species are those in which embryos developed in eggs outside the parents’ bodies
Ovoviviparous
Embryos developed within the mother’s body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs.
Viviparous
Embryos obtain nutrients from mother’s body during developement
Placenta
A specialized organ that enables exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes between the mother and her developing young
Metamorphosis
Developmental process that leads to dramatic changes in shape and form
Nymphs
Immature forms, resemble adults but lack functional sexual organs and some adult structures. (Such as wings)
