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Biologoy > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates

A

All animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column

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2
Q

Chordates

A

Members of the Phylum Chordata. All must have a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a long tail, and pharyngeal pouches

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3
Q

Notochord

A

Long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord

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4
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

Paired structures in the throat region (pharynx)

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5
Q

Vertebrates

A

Chordates with backbones

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6
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

(Negative feedback) the product or result of a process limits the process itself.

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7
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any number of imaginary planes drawn through the center of the body can divide into equal halves

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8
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Single imaginary plane divides the body into left-right sides that are symmetrical

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9
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer, developers the linings of the digestive tract and respiratory system

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer, give rise to muscles and is much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost germ layer, produces sense organs (nerves and outer layer of skin)

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12
Q

Coelom

A

A body cavity that developed within the mesoderm and is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

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13
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

Only partially lined with mesoderm

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14
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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15
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells

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16
Q

Protostomes

A

The blastopore becomes the mouth

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17
Q

Deuterostomes

A

The blastopore becomes the anus

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18
Q

Caphalization

A

The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at their anterior end. (Head)

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19
Q

Appendages

A

Structures such as legs or antennae protruding from the body

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20
Q

Larvae (larva)

A

Immature stages

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21
Q

Trochophore

A

Free-swimming larval stage

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22
Q

Cartilage

A

A strong connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone.

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23
Q

Tetrapods

A

Four-limbed vertebrates

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24
Q

Anthropoids

A

Humanlike primates (monkeys, great apes, and humans)

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25
Q

Prehensile tail

A

Tail that can coil tightly enough around a branch to serve as a “fifth hand”

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26
Q

Hominoids

A

Great apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)

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27
Q

Hominines

A

Hominoids in the lineage that led to humans

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28
Q

Bipedal

A

Two-footed

29
Q

Opposable thumb

A

Evolved on the hominine hand that could touch the tips of the fingers, enabling the grasping of objects and the use of tools

30
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Digestion of food inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to their cells by diffusion. (Sponges)

31
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Process in which food is broken down outside cells in a digestive system and then absorbed

32
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

A single opening through which invertebrates can both ingest food and expel wastes

33
Q

Digestive tract

A

The tube in which animals can digest foods

34
Q

Rumen

A

Pouch like extension of their esophagus. Gives animals the ability to regurgitate food that has been partially digested in the rumen

35
Q

Gills

A

Feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water

36
Q

Lungs

A

Organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

37
Q

Alveoli

A

Bubble like structure found in the lung’s branches

38
Q

Heart

A

Hollow muscular organ the pumps blood around the body

39
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

Blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body. (Grasshopper)

40
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A

Blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body

41
Q

Atrium

A

Heart chamber that receives blood from the body

42
Q

Ventricle

A

Heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart into the gills

43
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia

44
Q

Kidneys

A

Used to separate wastes and excess water from blood, forms urine

45
Q

Nephridia (nephridium)

A

Tubelike excretory structures that filter body fluid

46
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

Absorbed nitrogenous wastes, concentrates the waste, then adds them to digestive wastes traveling through the gut

47
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized never cells found in the Nervous System

48
Q

Stimulus

A

Information in an environment that causes an organism to react

49
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Specialized cells allow animals to detect stimuli

50
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that can pass information to other neurons

51
Q

Response

A

A specific reaction to a stimulus

52
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry “directions” from interneurons to muscles

53
Q

Ganglia

A

Small structures made up of groups of interneurons

54
Q

Cerebrum

A

The “thinking” region of the brain

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement and controls balance

56
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Consists of fluid held in a gastrovascular cavity that can alter the animal’s body shape drastically by working with contractile cells in it’s body wall.

57
Q

Exoskeleton

A

External skeleton, hard body covering of an arthropod, made up of chitin

58
Q

Molting

A

When Arthropoda break out of their exoskeleton and grow a new one

59
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Structural support system within the body

60
Q

Joints

A

Parts that connect skeleton parts together

61
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong connective tissue helps keep bones connected

62
Q

Tendon

A

Attaches muscles to bones

63
Q

Oviparous

A

Species are those in which embryos developed in eggs outside the parents’ bodies

64
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Embryos developed within the mother’s body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs.

65
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryos obtain nutrients from mother’s body during developement

66
Q

Placenta

A

A specialized organ that enables exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes between the mother and her developing young

67
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Developmental process that leads to dramatic changes in shape and form

68
Q

Nymphs

A

Immature forms, resemble adults but lack functional sexual organs and some adult structures. (Such as wings)

Biologoy (4 decks)

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