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MCB 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Longest known bacterium

A

Epulopiscium

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2
Q

Calcifying nanoparticles

A

Nanobacteria

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3
Q

Shapes of a prokaryotic cell

A 
Cocci
Bacilli
vibrios
spirilla
spirochaetes
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4
Q

What is an example of fruiting bacteria?

A

Myxobacter

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5
Q

What is an example of a stalked bacteria?

A

Caulobacter

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6
Q

What is an example of a budding bacteria?

A

Hyphomicrobium

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7
Q

What are examples of filamentous bacteria?

A
  • cyanobacteria

- actinomycetes

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8
Q

What is an example of a wall-less pleomorphic prokaryote?

A

Mycoplasma

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9
Q

What is an example of an pleomorphic prokaryote?

A

Rhizobium

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10
Q

Example of a fusiform/ spindle-shaped and filamentous prokaryote

A

Fusobacterium

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11
Q

Arrangement of prokaryotic cells

A

1 plane

  • Diplococcus - 2 cells
  • Streptococcus - variable number of cells in a chain

2 planes

  • Tetrad - 4 cells
  • Sarcina - packet of 8-64 cells

Several planes
-Staphylococcus and Micrococcus - irregular clusters

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12
Q

Carbon source and energy source of

  • Photoautotrophs,
  • Photoheterotrophs,
  • Chemoautotrophs,
  • Chemoheterotrophs
A
  • CO2 , Sunlight
  • organic materials , sunlight
  • CO2 , organic materials
  • organic materials , organic materials
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13
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Rhizobium

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14
Q

Plant pathogen

A

Agrobacterium

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15
Q

A gelatinous polymer (network of polysaccharides) extending from the surface of bacteria to other cells

A

Glycocalyx

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16
Q

Importance of glycocalyx.

A

Protection against

  • ion and pH changes and osmotic stress
  • certain enzymes
  • predacious bacteria and phagocytes

Enhances virulence of pathogenic bacteria

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17
Q

TYPES of glycocalyx

A

Capsule
Slime layer
S layer

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18
Q

Well-organized and not easily washed off

A

Capsule

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19
Q

Unorganized, diffused and easily removed

A

Slime layer

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20
Q

Bacteria in dental plaque

A

Biofilm

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21
Q

Proteins or glycoproteins that are regularly structured

A

S layer

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22
Q

Difference of gram negative and gram positive archaea and bacteria

A

In gram positive, may peptidoglycan after S layer

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23
Q

Thread like locomotor appendages

A

Flagella

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24
Q

3 parts of flagella and describe

A

Filament - longest portion
Hook - short curved segment which links filament to the basal body
Basal body - embedded in the cell

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25
Q

Pattern of arrangement of flagella

A

Monotrichous - 1 flagellum(polar)
Amphitrichous - 1 flagellum at each pole
Lophotrichous - cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Petritrichous - flagella spread all over the whole bacteria

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26
Q

Short, fine hair like appendages in many gram-bacteria; 1000/cell; aids in attachment

A

Fimbriae

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27
Q

1-10 per cell; required for bacterial mating

A

Pili

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28
Q

Gives bacteria shape and rigidity; contributes to the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria; protects bacteria from harmful substances; site of action of some antibiotics

A

Cell wall

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29
Q

4 divisions of prokaryotes

A

Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes

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30
Q

Thin cell walls, gram-negative type cell wall

A

Gracilicutes

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31
Q

Division of class Cyanobacteria and non-PStic bacteria and anaerobic PStic bacteria

A

Gracilicutes

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32
Q

Thick and strong skin, gram-positive type cell wall

A

Firmicutes

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33
Q

Division of class Rods and cocci, Actinomycetes and related organisms

A

Firmicutes

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34
Q

Pliable and soft natured cell wall, indicating the lack of a rigid cell wall.

A

Tenericutes

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35
Q

Division of class Mycoplasmas

A

Tenericutes

36
Q

With unusual cell wall (lack conventional peptidoglycan)

A

Mendosicutes

37
Q

Division of class Archaea

A

Mendosicutes

38
Q

A polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan or murein or mucopeptide

39
Q

Carbohydrate backbone of peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall

A

N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

40
Q

Gram positive bacterial cell wall:
Thick PG
With TA
Without OM

Gram negative bacterial cell wall:
Thin PG
Without TA
With OM

A

–

41
Q

Components of outer membrane in cell wall of bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids

42
Q

Short polysaccharide extending outward from the core. Acts as antigen; distinguishes between species by serological methods

A

O side chain or O antigen

43
Q

3 components of lipopolysaccharide

A

O side chain
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

44
Q

Lipid component found buried within the outer membrane

A

Lipid A

45
Q

Lipid component composed of sugars

A

Core polysaccharide

46
Q

Importance of lipopolysaccharides

A
  • imparts a strong negative charge
  • Stabilization of membrane structure
  • acts as endotoxin due to lipid A (causes fever and shock)
  • protective barrier (prevents entry of bile salts, antibiotics and other toxic substances
47
Q

Lack cell walls; sterols in plasma membrane; macrolides

A

Mycoplasmas

48
Q

Atypical cell wall

A

Cell wall of archaea

49
Q

Cell wall lacking muramic acid and D-amino acids; resistant to lysozyme and B-lactam antibiotics

A

Cell wall of archaea

50
Q

Cell wall stain with a single thick homogenous layer

A

Gram positive archaea cell wall

51
Q

Cell wall stain which lacks the outer membrane and complex peptidoglycan network with a surface layer of protein or glycoprotein subunits

A

Gram negative archaea cell wall

52
Q

Some gram positive archaea cell walls have:

A

Pseudomurein, complex polysaccharides, and heteropolysaccharides

53
Q

Polymer that has L-amino acids, N-acetyltalosaminuric acid instead of NAM, B-1,3 glycosidic bonds

A

Pseudomurein

54
Q

Component of archaea cell wall which is highly organized, asymmetric, flexible and dynamic; contains lipids and proteins

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

55
Q

Membrane proteins loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed

A

Peripheral proteins

56
Q

Membrane proteins embedded within the membrane and not easily removed.

A

Integral proteins

57
Q

Functions of cell membrane:

A
  • separation of cell from environment
  • selectively permeable barrier
  • site of crucial metabolic processes
  • detection of chemicals in surroundings with aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane
58
Q

Invaginations of the plasma membrane

A

Mesosomes

59
Q

Mesosomes are more prominent in: (gram stain)

A

Gram positive

60
Q

Mesosome may be involved in:

A

Cell wall formation
Chromosome replication and distribution to daughter cells
Secretory processes

61
Q

What links straight chain fatty acids, membrane lipids?

A

Ester-linked

62
Q

Sterol-like molecules which stabilize the bacterial membrane.

A

Hopanoids

63
Q

What links membrane lipids of cell membrane of archaea, which are branched chains of hydrocarbons attached to glycerol?

A

Ether-linked

64
Q

Lacks unit membrane-bound organelles; largely water

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

65
Q

Granules of organic or inorganic materials

A

Inclusion bodies

66
Q

Organic materials in prokaryotes

A 
Glycogen/ starch granules
Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
Cyanophycin
Carboxysomes
BT crystal protein
Gas vacuoles
67
Q

Inorganic materials in prokaryotes

A

Magnetosomes
Volutin
Sulfur granules

68
Q

Inclusion body which is the stored carbon or energy source

A

Glycogen/starch

69
Q

Inclusion body with lipid-like, stored carbon or energy source

A

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

70
Q

Inclusion body; stored nitrogen source and polymer of amino acids

A

Cyanophycin

71
Q

Inclusion body; contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation

A

Carboxysomes

72
Q

Impermeable to water but permeable to gases; provides buoyancy for aquatic bacteria

A

Gas vacuoles (Microcystis)

73
Q

Inclusion body; not a storage product, allows orientation for navigation towards nutrients, favorable environment

A

Magnetosomes (magnetite)

74
Q

Inclusion body; metachromatic granules, polyphosphate reservoir

A

Volutin

75
Q

Inclusion body; energy and electron source

A

Sulfur granules

76
Q

Synthesis of proteins that will remain in the cell

A

Matrix ribosomes

77
Q

Synthesis of proteins for transport outside of cell

A

Plasma membrane ribosomes

78
Q

Nuclear or chromatin body, nuclear region; in contact with mesosome or plasma membrane; made up of 60%DNA, some RNA and protein

A

Nucleoid

79
Q

Circular dsDNA that can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome or may be integrated with it.

A

Plasmid

80
Q

Advantages of genes in plasmid

A

Drug resistance
Pathogenicity
New metabolic activities

81
Q

Dormant structure in gram positive bacteria; resistant to heat, UV, chemicals, disinfectants and desiccation

A

Endospore

82
Q

Parts of bacterial endospore (from outer to inner)

A 
Exosporium
Spore coat
Cortex
Core wall
Core
83
Q

Stages of bacterial sporulation

A

Stage 1 - asymmetric cell division
Stage 2 - formation of septum
Stage 3 - mother cell engulfs prespore/forespore
Stage 4 - cortex formation
Stage 5 - spore coat formation
Stage 6 - maturation, cell lysis, disintegration of mother cell

84
Q

Stages of the transformation of endospore to vegetative cell

A

Activation
Germination
Outgrowth

85
Q

Location of endospores

A

Central
Terminal
Subterminal
Swollen terminal (distended)

MCB 1 (2 decks)

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