Chapter 7

Question 1

Voluntary participants

Answer 1

Aware that they are under investigation, but have made a conscious decision that the potential benefits outweighs the costs of being in the study

Question 2

Involuntary participants

Answer 2

Feel that they have been coerced to spend their time in an experimental investigation and consider it unjustifiable, and therefore vent their displeasure by actively attempting to ruin the study

Question 3

Non voluntary participants

Answer 3

Unknowingly enter into an experimental situation and are unaware that they are part of a study until after the completion of the study

Question 4

Good participants

Answer 4

Attempt to determine the experimenter’s hypothesis and confirm them

Question 5

Negative participants

Answer 5

Interested in determining the experimenter’s hypothesis, but only in order to sabotage the study

Question 6

Faithful participants

Answer 6

Willing to cooperate fully with almost any demand by the experimenter, and who follow instructions scrupulously and ignore any suspicions they might have regarding the true purpose of the study

Question 7

Apprehensive participant

Answer 7

Worry that the experimenter will use their performance to evaluate their abilities, personality, social adjustment, etc. and react accordingly to the study

Question 8

Placebo effect

Answer 8

Occurs when participants’ belief in the efficacy of the treatment, rather than the actual effects of the treatment, are responsible for the results found in an experiment

Question 9

Demand characteristics

Answer 9

Totality of all social cues communicated in a laboratory not attributable to the manipulation, including those emanating from the experimenter and the laboratory setting, which alter and therefore place a demand on responses of participants

Question 10

Double blind procedure

Answer 10

Participants as well as the researcher responsible for administering the study are made unaware which treatment condition participants are in

Question 11

Robustness

Answer 11

Concerned with the external validity issue of the extent an effect obtained in one laboratory can be exactly replicated in another laboratory with different researchers

Question 12

Ecological validity

Answer 12

Concerned with the external validity issue of the extent an effect occurs under conditions that are typical or representative in the population

Question 13

Relevance

Answer 13

Concerns the external validity issue of the extent an effect obtained is pertinent to events or phenomena that actually occur in the real world