Chapter 7 Flashcards
Hypotonic
Less solutes outside cell
Isotonic
Equal number of solutes
Water chases…
Solutes
Formula for SA of a rectangle
2(LxW) + 2(LxH) + 2(HxW)
Hypertonic
More solutes outside cell
Mitochondria provide…
Energy
P53
Good - last defense against cancer
What kind of preparation must a cell undergo before division?
It has to be big enough and have enough materials for two cells. Also, before mitosis it has to go through S phase to comply it’s chromosomes (DNA)
Why are cells blood, skin and immune systems constantly going
They constantly need to be replaced, and if you get an infection your immune system will be able to generate new cells
What is unique about the nature of the phosolipid?
Head: likes water
Tail: doesn’t like water
Cyclins help..
Control the cell cycle
More cyclins
More cell division
Less cyclins
Less cell division
Chromatids
Half of a duplicated chromosome
Rough ER
Deals with proteins
Smooth ER
Deals with lipids
After the ER, the material goes to ..
The Golgi Apparatus
Difference between peripheral and integral proteins
peripheral - attached to one side or the other
Integral- in the nucleus
Cells will have a certain structure to fit what the cell or tissue needs to do
Structure and function
Mitosis
division of genetic material
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Interphase - preparing for cell division
G1 S G2
Rudolph
Cells came from other cells through division
Ribosomes make
Proteins
Water chases..
Solutes
Ratio for SA to volume
SA/Volume. Leave as a decimal
Smaller surface area and volume =
Largest ratio
Red blood cells carry
Oxygen
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
The three parts of the cell theory are that
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells
Who are the five scientists that contributed to the cell theory?
- Robert Hook
- Anton van
- Matthias Schleiden
- Theodore Schwann
- Rudolph Virchow
Robert Hook
Cork cells under a microscope-you see little boxes
Anton van
Saw moving microorganisms in Pondwater cells
Matthias Schleidan
All plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann
All animals are made of cells
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
The three parts of the cell theory are that
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells
Who are the five scientists that contributed to the cell theory?
- Robert Hook
- Anton van
- Matthias Schleiden
- Theodore Schwann
- Rudolph Virchow
Robert Hook
Cork cells under a microscope-you see little boxes
Anton van
Saw moving microorganisms in Pondwater cells
Matthias Schleidan
All plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann
All animals are made of cells
Prokaryotes do not
Contain a nucleus
Prokaryotes do
Still have DNA
Eukaryotes do
Contain a nucleus
Chromatin
Mix of DNA and protein spread throughout the nucleus
Chromosomes
When cell division occurs, chromatin gets packed together to form these
Centrioles
Small organelles that form spindles
What are cell membranes made of?
Lipids proteins and carbohydrates
Fluid Mosaic model
Fluid because the phospholipids move around giving the membrane a fluid appearance
Mosaic because it is a combination of so many different parts
Solvent
Liquid in a solution
Solution
The liquid environment that is mostly water with some stuff dissolved in it
Solutes
The stuff dissolved in a solution
Diffusion
The simplest way to move materials from one side of the membrane to the other
Concentration gradient
Different concentrations on either side of the membrane
Does diffusion require energy
Nope, thanks to the natural constant movement of molecules
Equal Librium
The molecules continue to move randomly and cross the membrane but they do so at equal rates. once the concentration of solute is the same on either side of the membrane
Small amounts of water =
High solutes
Large amounts of water =
Low solutes
Facilitated diffusion
Needs a doorway. Doesn’t need energy
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through transporters passively. this doesn’t use any extra energy
SA of a cube formula
6 (length•width)
What characteristics are shared by all cells?
All cells have a cell membrane
Contain DNA
Prokaryotes are
Unicellular
Eukaryotes are
Multicellular
passive transport
Passive doesn’t use any extra energy and is for care gradient
Active transport
active requires extra energy and it also requires protein transporters and is against care gradient
Bulk transport
Requires energy. Two types: ENDOcytosis, EXOcytosis
ENDOcytosis
Goes into
EXOcytosis
Comes out of
Dna overload
DNA of cell is getting overloaded with demands
Can you add DNA?
No
Exchanging materials
Food, oxygen, and water enter the cell by crossing its membrane and waste products leave in the same way
2 limits to cell growth?
- DNA overload
2. Exchanging materials
Do we cells grow to be too large?
Nope
What happens to chromosomes as the cell approaches cell division?
It makes a copy to form sister chromatids
G1
Cell grows, increasing in size, new proteins and organelles
S
DNA Synthesis - chromosomes copy
G2
Shortest phase, confirms cell has what it needs to survive
M phase
Cell division takes place
Interphase
Prep for cell division
2 stages in M phase
Mitosis, cytokinesis
Mitosis comes
First
Cytokinesis comes
Second
Mitosis stages (in order)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
1st/longest stage of mitosis
Metaphase
Lasts only a couple mins
Chromosomes line up think: Midline-Metaphase
Anaphase
Chromosomes split at centromere, each sis chromatid pulled to opposite poles of cell
Identical sets of DNA as a result
Think:anaphase-apart
Telophase
New nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes
Chromosomes spread back out in the new nucleus, and nucleoli appear
Malignant
Cancerous
Benign
Not cancerous
Active transport
Diffusion backwards
Cancer
When cells uncontrollably divide
How does cytokinesis in plants differ from cytokinesis in animals?
Plants: a cell plate forms
Animals: the cell gets pinched together
Think: plant-plate
Cyclins indicate
Need for cell division
End result of cytokinesis?
Two separate daughter cells
Difference between internal and external regulators of cell cycle?
Internal: check if the cell can divide
External: respond to growth factors and cell to cell interactions(how much room they have)
Metastasis
When cancer cells break loose and spread causing more damage
Most common defect in cancerous cells?
P53
Most common types of cancer in females and males:
Females: breast
Males: prostate
Robert book came up with
“Cell”
Cell differentiation
A less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. .
