Chapter 7 Flashcards
Rostral
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Posterior
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Caudal
?
Dorsal
?
Ventral
?
Midline
?
Medial
?
Lateral
?
Ipsilateral
?
Contralateral
?
Midsaggital Plane
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Saggital Plane
?
Horizontal Plane
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Coronal Plane
?
Gray matter
Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS.
Cortex
Any collection of neurons that form a thin sheet, usually at the brain’s surface. “Bark” in Latin.
Nucleus
A clearly distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep within the brain. “Nut” in Latin. Ex: lateral geniculate nucleus.
Substantia
A group of related neurons deep within the brain, but usually with less distinct borders than those of nuclei. Ex: substantia nigra.
Locus
A small, well-defined group of cells. Ex: locus coeruleus.
Ganglion
Collection of neurons in the PNS. “Knot” in Greek. Ex: dorsal root ganglia. Only one cell group in the CNS goes by this name: the basal ganglia, which are structures lying deep within the cerebrum that control movement.
Nerve
Bundle of axons in the PNS. Only one collection of CNS axons is called a nerve: the optic nerve.
White matter
A collection of CNS axons.
Tract
A collection of CNS axons having a common site of origin and a common destination. Ex: corticospinal tract.
Bundle
A collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination. Ex: medial forebrain bundle.
Capsule
A collection of axons that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem. Ex: internal capsule.
Commisure
Any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side.
Lemniscus
A tract that meanders through he brain like a ribbon. Ex: medial lemniscus.
Anterior
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Telencephalon
Lateral ventricle
Diencephalon
Third ventricle
Mesencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Fourth ventricle
Telencephalon 1
Lateral ventricle
Diencephalon (thalamus) 2
Third ventricle
Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3
Cerebral aqueduct
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) 4
Fourth ventricle
Spinal cord 5
Spinal canal
Lateral ventricles [1]
Cerebral cortex
Basal telencephalon
Third ventricle [2]
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral aqueduct [3]
Tectum
Tegmentum
(Midbrain)
Fourth ventricle [4]
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
CT scan
Computed tomography. This is essentially a series of X-rays in “slices” through the body, which are then analyzed by a computer, and an image constructed from the data. It can show the precise location of a tumor, its shape, and whether it is solid or hollow.
PET scan
Positron Emission Tomography Scans. This technology uses radioactive positrons to detect differences in metabolic and chemical activity in the body. An area with increased activity will show on a colored image. Notice that this is a distinct difference from other kinds of imaging - whereas CT and MRI scans look at structures in the body, a PET scan looks at function. Since cancer cells tend to divide more rapidly than other cells, they will generally show as having more metabolic activity. PETs can pick up very small areas of activity - much smaller than other methods.
MRI scan
MRI scans use magnets rather than X-rays to produce the image. The strength of the magnetic field causes the atoms of the body to respond, and the emissions are detected by the scanner, which are analyzed, and an image is produced. In many tissues, the image and detail are clearer with an MRI than a CT scan.
Cerebrum
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Cerebellum
X
Olfactory bulb
X
Post-central gyrus
X
Central sulcus
X
Pre-central gyrus
X
Superior temporal gyrus
X
Frontal lobe
X
Parietal lobe
X
Temporal lobe
X
Lateral (Sylvian) fissure
X
Occipital lobe
X
Insula
X
Corpus callosum
X
Fornix
X
Amygdala
X
Hippocampus
X
Spinal canal [5]
Spinal cord
Cranial nerves
X
Optic chiasm
X
Optic nerves
X
Optic tracts
X
Mammillary bodies
X
Olfactory bulbs
X
Midbrain
X
Pons
X
Medulla
X
Vermis
X
Pineal body
X
Superior colliculus
X
Inferior colliculus
X
Cerebellar peduncles
X
Basal forebrain
X
Internal capsule
X
Cortical white matter
X
Corpus callosum
X
Fornix
X
Septal area
X
Caudate nucleus
X
Putamen
X
Globus pallidus
X
Basal ganglia
X
Amygdala
X
Ventral posterior nucleus
X
Ventral lateral nucleus
X
Subthalamus
X
Mammillary bodies
X
Substantia nigra
X
Lateral geniculate nucleus
X
Medial geniculate nucleus
X
Cerebral aqueduct
X
Superior colliculus
X
Substantia nigra
X
Red nucleus
X
Periaqueductal gray
X
Inferior colliculus
X
Cerebellum cortex
X
Pontine nuclei
X
Deep cerebellar nuclei
X
Pontine reticular formation
X
Medullary pyramids
X
Dorsal cochlear nuclei
X
Ventral cochlear nuclei
X
Superior olive
X
Inferior olive
X
Raphe nucleus
X
Medial lemniscus
X
Gustatory nucleus
X
Nucleus of the solitary tract
X
Vestibular nuclei
X
Dorsal column nuclei
X
Medial lemniscus
X
Cervical vertebrae 1
X
Thoracic vertebrae 2
X
Lumbar vertebrae 3
X
Sacral vertebrae 4
X
Cauda equina
X
Dorsal root
X
Ventral root
X
Dorsal horn
X
Lateral horn
X
Ventral horn
X
Dorsal column
X
Lateral column
X
Ventral column
X
Ascending sensory pathways
X
Dorsal column
X
Spinothalamic tract
X
Vestibulospinal tract
X
Lateral pathways
X
Ventromedial pathway
X
Sympathetic ganglia
X
Parasympathetic fibers
X
Cranial nerves
X
