Chapter 7

Question 1

Resource

Answer 1

An available supply that can be drawn on as needed

Question 2

Conservation

Answer 2

The management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself

Question 3

Preservation

Answer 3

The maintenance of a species or ecosystem in order to ensure their perpetuation, with no concern as to their potential monetary value

Question 4

Natural resources

Answer 4

biotic and abiotic natural ecosystems

Question 5

Ecosystem capital

Answer 5

the value of natural resources

Question 6

Renewable resource

Answer 6

Resources, such as plants and animals, which can be regenerated if harvested at sustainable yields

Question 7

Nonrenewable resource

Answer 7

Resources that are often formed by very slow geologic processes, so we consider them incapable of being regenerated within the realm of human existence

Question 8

Production

Answer 8

The use of environmental resources for profit

Question 9

Consumption

Answer 9

The day-to-day use of environmental resources, such as food, clothing, and housing

Question 10

Traditional substance agriculture

Answer 10

When each family in a community grows crops for themselves and relies on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops

Question 11

Aquaculture

Answer 11

The raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest

Question 12

Agroforestry

Answer 12

When trees and crops are planted together, creating a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between them

Question 13

Bottom trawling

Answer 13

A fishing technique in which the ocean floor is scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path

Question 14

By-catch

Answer 14

Any other species of fish, mammals, or birds that are caught that are not the target organism

Question 15

Capture fisheries

Answer 15

Fish production in which fish are caught in the wild and not raised in captivity for consumption

Question 16

Clear-cutting

Answer 16

The removal of all of the trees in an area

Question 17

Contour plowing

Answer 17

A process in which rows of crops are plowed across the hillside; this prevents the erosion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope

Question 18

Deforestation

Answer 18

The removal of trees for agricultural purposes or purposes of exportation

Question 19

Driftnets

Answer 19

Nets that drift free in the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path

Question 20

Fishery

Answer 20

The industry or occupation devoted to the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals

Question 21

Greenbelt

Answer 21

Open or forested areas built at the outer edge of a city

Question 22

Ground fires

Answer 22

Smoldering fires that take place in bogs or swamps and can burn underground for days or weeks. Originating from surface fires, ground fires are difficult to detect and extinguish

Question 23

Intercropping (Strip cropping)

Answer 23

The practice of planting bands of different crops across a hillside

Question 24

Long lining

Answer 24

In fishing, the use of long lines that have baited hooks and will be taken by numerous aquatic organisms

Question 25

Malnutrition

Answer 25

Poor nutrition that results from an insufficient or poorly balanced diet

Question 26

Mineral deposit

Answer 26

An area where a particular mineral in concentrated

Question 27

Mining

Answer 27

The excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals

Question 28

Monoculture

Answer 28

When just one type of plant is planted in a large area

Question 29

No-till methods

Answer 29

When farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil

Question 30

Old growth forest

Answer 30

One that has never been cut; these forests have not been seriously disturbed for several hundred years

Question 31

Overgrazed

Answer 31

When grass in consumed by animals at a faster rate than it can regrow

Question 32

Second growth forests

Answer 32

Areas where cutting has occurred and a new, younger forest has arisen

Question 33

Selective cutting

Answer 33

The removal of select trees in an area; this leaves the majority of the habitat in place and has less of an impact on the ecosystem

Question 34

Shelter-wood cutting

Answer 34

When mature trees are cut over a period of time (usually 10-20 years); this leaves mature trees, which can reseed the forest, in place

Question 35

Silviculture

Answer 35

The management of forest plantations for the purpose of foresting timber

Question 36

Slash and burn

Answer 36

When an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops

Question 37

Surface fires

Answer 37

Fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. These fires actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures.

Question 38

Tailings

Answer 38

Piles of gangue, which is the waste material that results from mining

Question 39

Terracing

Answer 39

Creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope

Question 40

Tree farms

Answer 40

Also known as plantations. These are planted and managed tracts of trees of the same age that are harvested for commercial use

Question 41

Uneven-aged management

Answer 41

The broad category under which selective cutting and shelter-wood cutting fall; selective deforestation