Chapter 7

Question 1

a debilitating disorder affecting memory that results in the inability to consciously form new, long-term memories.

Answer 1

anterograde amnesia

Question 2

the concept that a single item in short-term memory can be a compound of related concepts; an effective strategy to increase the amount of information in short-term memory capacity.

Answer 2

chunking

Question 3

also known as explicit memories

Answer 3

declarative memories

Question 4

a model of encoding which suggests that how meaningfully a person is able to form a connection to informationwill determine the reliability of the memory for future recall; in other words, a very meaningful memory will be more easily remember than a less meaningful memory.

Answer 4

depth of processing model (of memory)

Question 5

the process of categorizing and storing information to long-term memory; the depth and effectiveness of encoding will alter the reliability of the memory.

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

a class of explicit memory that involves specific events and storiesfrom one’s life (e.g., losing your first tooth, your first kiss).

Answer 6

episodic memories

Question 7

long-term memories that can be consciously and verbally recalled. Also known as declarative memories.

Answer 7

explicit memories

Question 8

in regards to police line-up, when a witness chooses a suspect who is known to have not committed the crime, a known innocent.

Answer 8

false alarm

Question 9

memories of ideas or events that did not occur; they are commonplace within memory, but have been the topic of much controversy especially due to their relevance to the justice system and law enforcement.

Answer 9

false memories

Question 10

a class of episodic memories that are extremely rich and emotionally evocative, and that feel frozen in one’s mind; often developed as the result of trauma or other extraordinary event.

Answer 10

flashbulb memories

Question 11

a person placed in a police line-up that is known not to have conducted the crime. Typically foils are somewhat similar in appearance to a suspect and are drawn from prisoner populations that were incarcerated during the events in question.

Answer 11

foil

Question 12

the natural loss of information from memory that occurs over-time as a result of interfering information, replacing information, and/or poor encoding of information.

Answer 12

forgetting

Question 13

the central idea or theme of a concept

Answer 13

gist

Question 14

a patient in a famous case study that suffered anterograde amnesia.

Answer 14

H.M.

Question 15

structure of the brain involved in encoding short-term memories into long-term memories.

Answer 15

hippocampus

Question 16

long-term memories that are not accessible using verbal descriptions recall; these are typically bodily or motor memories of movements or action (e.g., tying your shoe). Also known as procedural memories.

Answer 16

implicit memories

Question 17

a multi-stage model of cognition which describes the passing of information from the environment into memory; describes how memories can be stored and manipulated; posits that raw information is temporarily stored as sensory datum (sensory store), with attention can pass into an active stage in which it can be manipulated (short-term memory), and may be encoded for extended storage lasting from minutes to years, to decades (long term memory).

Answer 17

information-processing model (of memory)

Question 18

a white house staffer in President Nixon’s cabinet that was later called to testify against Nixon. His testimony provided an interesting case study on memory when compared against Nixon’s personal tape recordings of conversations that occurred in the oval office.

Answer 18

John Dean

Question 19

the component of the information-processing model of memory that has been successfully encoded from short-term memory for later recall and retrieval; the depth of encoding determines what information is successfully encoded into long-term memory.

Answer 19

long term memory

Question 20

an experimental method asking participants to recall a set of real events from their childhood in addition to an event that did not occur, being lost at the mall. Memories are cued with a few basic details prompting nearly a third of participants to generate totally new and false memories from their childhood.

Answer 20

lost-at-the-mall study

Question 21

deep levels of encoding; ; refers to information that is encoded usingdeep and meaningful strategies for encoding such as semantic connections

Answer 21

maximum levels of depth

Question 22

any and all information stored within your mind and brain; can be preconscious, conscious, or unconscious.

Answer 22

memory

Question 23

a mnemonic that facilitates recall memory by imagining a list of items in familiar places.

Answer 23

method of loci

Question 24

lower levels of encoding; refers to information that is encoded using surface level strategies such as repetition or rehearsal.

Answer 24

minimal levels of depth

Question 25

the bias in memory recall that results when false information is presented in a credible way to bias memory recall.

Answer 25

misinformation effect

Question 26

strategies used to improve memory recall.

Answer 26

mnemonics or mnemonic devices

Question 27

medium levels of encoding; refers to information that is encoded using moderate level strategies such phonological encoding.

Answer 27

moderate levels of depth

Question 28

a police line-up procedure in which the suspect and a set of foils are presented at the same time to be compared and reviewed

Answer 28

parallel line up

Question 29

the use of sound to form memories; common forms of phonological encoding include rhymes and alliterations.

Answer 29

phonological encoding

Question 30

a police line-up procedure in which mug shots (photos) of a suspect and a set of foils are presented at the same time to be compared and reviewed

Answer 30

photo parallel line up

Question 31

a police line-up procedure in which witnesses assess a stack of photos one by one to determine if any of those individuals match their memory

Answer 31

photo serial line up

Question 32

in exchange for confession and assisting the police, a perpetrator is offered a somewhat reduced penalty for the crime and no trial is required.

Answer 32

plea bargain

Question 33

the disproportionate number of guilty people who take pleas, relative to innocent people, causing an over representation of innocent people at trials.

Answer 33

pleading effect

Question 34

police procedure used to present a suspect and a set of foils to a potential witness. By selecting the suspect, the witness provides corroborating evidence for an arrest.

Answer 34

police line-up

Question 35

also known as implicit memories.

Answer 35

procedural memories

Question 36

the behavioral strategy of repeating information to oneself (whether out-loud or sub-vocally) in order to an idea active in short-term memory; rehearsal of information may cause encoding to long-term memory.

Answer 36

rehearsal

Question 37

also known as rehearsal

Answer 37

repetition

Question 38

a debilitating disorder affecting memory that results in the inability to recall past, long-term memories (e.g., childhood memories may be lost).

Answer 38

retrograde amnesia

Question 39

preset ideas about what things are and/or how they work

Answer 39

schemas

Question 40

learning an idea by associating it with concepts that are personally meaningful and/or highly distinctive.

Answer 40

semantic encoding

Question 41

a class of explicit memory are basic facts about the world and the origin of the memory is unclear.

Answer 41

semantic memories

Question 42

an important theoretical concept about the structure of the mind, and the information in long-term memory. The semantic network describes that ideas are connected by different distances, and that the activation of any one idea will cause activity in any close associates (e.g., “dog” might activate “cat”, and to a lesser extent “bird” and have almost no connection with “satin” .

Answer 42

semantic network

Question 43

the stage of the information-processing model of memory that is responsible for briefly capturing incoming sensory information; information in the sensory store is raw, unprocessed, and pre-conscious. Attention to these stimuli will result in its entrance into short-term memory while inattention to these stimuli will result in forgetting them.

Answer 43

sensory store

Question 44

the portion of the nervous system receptive to energy in the environment and capable of transducing that energy into biological signals.

Answer 44

sensory system

Question 45

the stage of the information-processing model of memory that contains the thoughts and ideas that are active in one’s mind at any given moment. Capacity is estimated at 3-4 items, although functionally holds about 7±2 items. Short-term memory will be forgotten if it is not encoded into long-term memory via rehearsal or some other method of encoding.

Answer 45

short-term memory

Question 46

a set of experiments designed to test the capacity and duration of sensory memories. The technique involved rapid stimulus presentations immediately followed by cues to trigger attention to a small portion of the presentations. The experiments demonstrated the limits of conscious processing relative to the vast amount of information sensed and initially stored.

Answer 46

sperling

Question 47

a complex, pattern related puzzle in which the user must devise strategies to transfer a set of rings from one peg to another.

Answer 47

tower of Hanoi puzzle

Question 48

also known as short-term memory

Answer 48

working memory